Evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S. Based on Students’ Weekly Diaries: Findings from Eight Datasets

Table 4

Perceived program effectiveness across study 1 to study 8.

Ecological level	Subdomains	Descriptions	S1			S2			S3		Total
			Study 1; 2005/06 EIP	Study 2; 2006/07 FIP	Study 3; 2008/09 FIP	Study 4; 2006/07 EIP	Study 5; 2007/08 FIP	Study 6; 2008/09 FIP	Study 7; 2007/08 EIP	Study 8; 2008/09 FIP
Societal	Social norms	Fostered prosocial norms or involvement	3	26	2	7	9	8	0	7	62
	Social responsibility and affairs	Enhanced knowledge about China and Hong Kong	6	9	0	1	0	0	0	0	16
		Enhanced knowledge about public affairs	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
		Recognized citizen’s responsibilities	4	10	0	3	0	0	0	0	17
		Subtotal	14	45	2	11	9	8	0	7	96
School	School belongingness	Increased belongingness to school	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
		Subtotal	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
Familial	Family relationships	Enhanced relationships with parents and other family members	5	22	19	12	10	4	1	11	84
		Subtotal	5	22	19	12	10	4	1	11	84
Interpersonal	General interpersonal competence	Enhanced team spirit	9	15	0	18	0	0	0	0	42
		Made friends	7	15	0	6	0	0	0	0	28
		Got along with others	19	65	0	41	0	0	0	0	125
		Enhanced peer relationship	0	28	11	0	23	12	12	17	103
		Enhanced relationship with instructors/social workers	0	2	0	0	4	5	4	8	23
		Able to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy friends	7	22	0	2	4	0	0	0	35
		Able to handle love affairs	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	4
		Strengthened social bonding	0	0	0	22	0	0	8	0	30
		Enhanced social competence	0	17	0	21	0	0	0	0	38
		Total in subcategory	42	164	11	114	31	17	24	25	428
	Specific interpersonal competence	Improved interpersonal skills	0	0	14	0	8	7	0	19	48
		Improved communication skills	3	30	8	21	16	15	9	8	110
		Enhanced presentation ability	0	0	0	15	0	0	0	0	15
		Learned to accept, care, trust, respect, and understand others	3	38	15	19	11	7	13	18	124
		Promoted cooperation with others	0	4	4	0	19	1	10	4	42
		Increased willingness to express	0	0	0	0	3	0	3	0	6
		Total in subcategory	6	72	41	55	57	30	35	49	345
		Subtotal	48	236	52	169	88	47	59	74	773
Personal	General gains	Promoted students’ development	0	0	2	0	32	4	35	10	83
		Acquired skills/knowledge	14	26	6	31	28	9	0	29	143
		Learned something useful and applicable to daily life	13	18	0	0	0	0	0	4	35
		Helpful to students	0	0	13	0	4	8	0	17	42
		Positive changes on students	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9	9
		Total in subcategory	27	44	21	31	64	21	35	69	312
	Behavioral competence	Improved refusal skills	0	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	11
		Improved decision-making skills	0	0	0	0	0	7	0	8	15
		Learned financial management skills	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	3	8
		Enhanced time management skills	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	0	3
		Enhanced leadership skills	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
		General behavioral competence	0	0	2	0	15	3	8	4	32
		Total in subcategory	0	11	2	0	16	10	16	15	70
Personal	Cognitive competence	Promoted rational and analytical thinking	5	18	0	26	0	0	0	0	49
		Enhanced creativity	0	2	0	0	2	0	0	0	4
		Improved problem-solving skills	7	26	13	22	14	7	9	15	113
		General cognitive competence	0	0	4	6	22	5	13	20	70
		Total in subcategory	12	46	17	54	38	12	22	35	236
	Moral competence	Cultivated personal ethics/virtues	2	6	6	25	0	3	0	18	60
		Enhanced responsibility	0	0	0	7	0	0	0	0	7
		Enhanced empathy	0	3	0	6	0	0	0	0	9
		Promoted the idea of equality and fairness	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3
		Able to distinguish between right and wrong	5	54	3	19	0	3	0	7	91
		Able to correct bad habits/defects	4	14	0	3	0	0	0	0	21
		Cultivated proper attitudes towards sex and love relationship	0	0	0	0	4	0	4	10	18
		General moral competence	0	0	0	0	4	0	15	6	25
		Total in subcategory	14	77	9	60	8	6	19	41	234
	Emotional competence	Enhanced emotional management/expression	11	57	27	28	9	9	10	17	168
		Total in subcategory	11	57	27	28	9	9	10	17	168
	Beliefs in the future	Promoted beliefs in the future	0	0	0	0	0	1	5	12	18
		Assistance in career planning	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4
		Facilitated goal setting	6	23	4	29	5	4	9	9	89
		Total in subcategory	6	23	4	29	5	5	14	25	111
	Resilience	Cultivated resilience	0	0	4	24	13	15	10	20	86
		Optimism	1	5	0	9	0	4	0	0	19
		Ways to face adversity	0	12	0	0	0	0	0	0	12
		Total in subcategory	1	17	4	33	13	19	10	20	117
	Positive self	Facilitated personal growth	11	42	0	34	0	0	0	0	87
		Developed clear and positive identity	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	2
		Enhanced self-efficacy	0	0	4	2	3	3	0	5	17
		Enhanced self-confidence	3	27	0	9	2	3	14	9	67
		Enhanced self-determination	0	14	0	15	2	1	4	2	38
		Facilitated self-understanding	18	41	7	28	18	5	30	13	160
		Developed potentials/widened horizon	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	7
		Total in subcategory	32	124	11	88	25	13	48	37	378
	Cherishing life	Learned to cherish life	1	3	0	41	9	8	2	13	77
		Cultivated positive life views/learned life principles	0	0	3	0	0	14	0	39	56
		Learned to treasure people and things	1	21	0	12	0	0	9	0	43
		Self-reflection	3	9	7	9	3	3	11	18	63
		Promoted reflection of life	5	5	0	28	12	13	0	8	71
		Total in subcategory	10	38	10	90	24	38	22	78	310
		Subtotal	113	437	105	413	202	133	196	337	1936
Others	Positive comments	Interest in learning	1	4	0	10	2	0	0	0	17
		Stimulating	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
		Fruitful	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10
		Academic improvements	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4
		Healthy living style	0	0	0	12	2	0	0	0	14
		Others	10	8	4	8	0	6	0	4	40
		Total in subcategory	23	12	4	30	4	6	0	8	87
	Negative comments	Program was not effective	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	3
		Total in subcategory	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	3
Others	Neutral comments	Could not help much on students’ development	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	3
		Others	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3
		Total in subcategory	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3	6
		Subtotal	23	12	5	30	4	8	3	11	96
Grand total			203	752	183	635	313	200	260	440	2986