The Use of Parsimonious Questionnaires in Occupational Health Surveillance: Psychometric Properties of the Short Italian Version of the Effort/Reward Imbalance Questionnaire

Table 4

Associations of the scales of the short effort-reward imbalance questionnaire with acute low back pain and musculoskeletal problems at the upper arm (logistic regression analyses) (Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI)).

	Unadjusted		Adjusted for age and gender
	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI
Low back pain
Effort	0.94	0.88–1.00	0.94	0.88–1.00
Reward	0.87^***	0.84–0.90	0.88^***	0.85–0.91
Overcommitment	1.16^***	1.11–1.20	1.16^***	1.11–1.20
Effort/Reward ratio	1.10	0.83–1.45	1.15	0.88–1.50
Upper arm complaints
Effort	1.10^*	1.02–1.18	1.06	0.98–1.14
Reward	0.81^***	0.78–0.84	0.82^***	0.78–0.85
Overcommitment	1.18^***	1.12–1.23	1.20^***	1.14–1.25
Effort/Reward ratio	3.37^***	2.34–4.39	2.71^***	1.86–3.95

^*Significant at 𝑃<0.05; ^**significant at 𝑃<0.01; ^***significant at 𝑃<0.001.