Evaluation of Minerals Content of Drinking Water in Malaysia

Table 6

Mineral contents in packaged drinking water (DW), mineral water (MW), and tap water (TW) samples from Malaysia and other countries.

Country		Na	Mg	K	Ca	Fe^a	Cu^a	Zn^a	Cr^a	Mn^a	Ni^a	As^a	Cd^a	Pb^a	F	Cl	NO3	SO4
DW
Malaysia (𝑛=14)^b	Mean	2.22	1.82	1.01	0.36	34.51	2.99	1.19	0.4	5.14	0.55	0.38	0.49	1.28	0.24	19.71	0.56	6.54
	Min	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	17.2	0.2	Tr	Tr	ND	0.1	Tr	0.4	Tr	Tr	Tr	0.1	Tr
	Max	10.68	12.29	3.8	1.67	43.3	7.3	2.3	2.56	31.0	2.09	1.68	0.85	3.92	0.71	42.41	2.27	52.02
Turkey study (𝑛=3)^c	Mean	1.87	2.2	1.2	3.1	0.21	—	0.34	0.23	—	0.15	0.46	0.34	0.23	0.07	2.03	1.93	5.33
	Min	0.8	0.1	0.1	0.0	ND	ND	ND	0.17	ND	0.14	0.12	0.29	0.21	0.04	Tr	0.9	Tr
	Max	3.8	3.5	3.2	6.9	0.64	ND	1.03	0.26	ND	0.17	1.05	0.42	0.24	0.09	5.1	3.1	11.0
Europe (𝑛=40)^d	Mean	13	16	—	60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Min	1	1	—	4	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Max	56	110	—	145	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
North America (𝑛=28)^d	Mean	4	8	—	18	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Min	0	0	—	0	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Max	15	95	—	76	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
China (𝑛=3)^e	Mean	14.69	6.82	1.56	50.84	—	—	0.009	0.001	—	—	—	0.001	—	—	—	—	—
	Min	2.33	2.62	0.81	4.7	—	—	0.005	ND	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	—	—
	Max	31.51	13.14	2.35	92.8	—	—	0.016	0.003	—	—	—	0.001	—	—	—	—	—
Egypt (𝑛=3)^e	Mean	88.69	19.54	5.51	59.38	—	—	0.002	0.004	—	—	—	0.001	—	—	—	—	—
	Min	51.41	11.74	5.03	46.18	—	—	0.002	ND	—	—	—	ND	—	—	—	—	—
	Max	162.35	32.94	6.32	66.28	—	—	0.002	0.011	—	—	—	0.002	—	—	—	—	—
MW
Malaysia (𝑛=13)^b	Mean	10.17	5.84	2.91	4.46	11.55	12.77	4.79	—	31.53	1.5	3.2	0.36	0.26	0.41	34.46	1.16	9.35
	Min	2.4	0.72	0.6	0.59	Tr	1.5	0.4	Tr	ND	0.28	Tr	0.45	Tr	Tr	27.16	0.12	ND
	Max	23.68	24.03	5.95	25.06	60.5	16.9	24.3	Tr	68	6.88	13.51	0.45	1.25	2	58.58	2.84	18.74
Turkey (𝑛=67)^c	Mean	9.21	3.23	0.47	25.82	2.29	0.31	10.0	0.64	0.99	0.53	1.77	0.37	0.21	0.11	3.23	3.01	6.46
	Min	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	ND	ND	ND	0.14	ND	0.09	0.12	0.29	0.21	Tr	Tr	0.9	0.0
	Max	76.8	19.0	5.3	50.9	48.88	6.78	364.8	6.4	47.96	7.48	30.63	1.36	0.32	0.69	23.3	14.2	62.0
North America (𝑛=9)^d	Mean	371	24	—	100	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Min	36	1	—	3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Max	1095	130	—	310	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Italy (𝑛=371)^f	Mean	76.53	26.02	10.42	97.53	182.3	—	45	0.1	627.3	0.0	3.5	0.38	350	0.57	96.95	5.51	113.82
	Min	Tr	Tr	0.09	0.8	0.0	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	Tr	0.15	Tr	0.3
	Max	5051.43	328.4	300	864	4000	Tr	180	2	9800	0.0	7	2	3500	8.4	8055.8	47.49	1918
Various countries (𝑛=66)^g	Mean	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Min	ND	ND	ND	ND	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	ND	ND	ND	ND
	Max	227	170.5	50.5	468.6	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.62	214.1	38.1	1039
TW
Malaysia (𝑛=24)^b	Mean	4.3	1.1	3.2	6.65	58.29	8.54	34.71	0.04	25.38	0.91	0.81	0.41	0.28	0.39	20.19	1.39	10.22
	Min	1.22	0.07	0.9	0.54	23.0	1.0	2.0	Tr	Tr	0.26	0.16	0.36	Tr	0.14	5.02	0.33	1.06
	Max	15.03	4.11	6.61	23.1	330.0	26.0	358.0	0.88	91.0	2.63	6.14	0.85	3.8	0.71	48.04	11.0	31.22
Japan (𝑛=3)^e	Mean	12.7	4.62	1.26	32.0	10.2	—	6.36	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kazakhstan (𝑛=3)^e	Mean	9.59	4.17	1.3	24.8	35.3	—	218	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Egypt (𝑛=6)^h	Mean	34.9	14.0	5.84	33.9	73.3	4.59	83.2	7.64	5.2	2.53	—	0.04	0.18	0.25	45.29	0.03	69.06
	Min	33.7	11.7	5.58	30.5	67.2	4.46	11.4	6.99	3.9	2.21	ND	0.03	0.14	0.24	28.36	ND	59.96
	Max	36.0	16.2	6.09	37.2	79.3	4.72	155.0	8.28	6.5	2.85	ND	0.05	0.21	0.26	62.21	0.03	78.16

All data were presented as mean, min, and max (mg/L). ^aConcentration of minerals in μg/L. Sources: ^bPresent study; ^cGüler and Alpaslan [24]; ^dAzoulay et al. [25]; ^eChiba et al. [26]; ^fNaddeo et al. [27]; ^gLau and Luk [23]; ^hSaleh et al. [22].