An Adaptive Framework for Selecting Environmental Monitoring Protocols to Support Ocean Renewable Energy Development

Table 11

Component decision tree for impacts on avian species. The key is followed to obtain a recommended suite of monitoring protocols.

Determine which impacts to avian species need to be monitored:
The energy resource is
Wind	Go to A
Waves	Go to B
Tidal	Go to C
(A) The stage of the wind energy project is
Construction	Go to D
Operation	Go to D, Go to E, V11
Decommissioning	Go to D
(B) The stage of the tidal project is
Construction	Go to D
Operation	Go to D, V12
Decommissioning	Go to D
(C) The stage of the wave energy project is
Construction	Go to D
Operation	Go to D
Decommissioning	Go to D
(D) The target species are
Easily disturbed, cryptic	V3, V4
Easily disturbed, noncryptic	V2, V3, V4
Not easily disturbed, cryptic	V1, V3, V4
Not easily disturbed, noncryptic	V1, V2, V3, V4
(E) The target species are
Diurnal	V5, V6
Nocturnal	V5, V7

Recommended protocols:
V1: ship-based visual surveys.
V2: aerial surveys using human observers.
V3: aerial surveys using high-definition videography.
V4: aerial surveys using digital still photography.
V5: radar surveys.
V6: visual surveys.
V7: flight call surveys.
V11: remote detection system.
V12: sonar and video technology.