Associations between Pathological Gambling and Psychiatric Comorbidity among Help-Seeking Populations in Hong Kong

Table 3

Prevalence rates of lifetime and current comorbid psychiatric disorders in 201 pathological gamblers.

Variable	Lifetime psychiatric disorders					Current psychiatric disorders
	N	%	PG first^a	MI first^b	Same year^c	N	%	PG first^a	MI first^b	Same year^c
Any psychiatric disorder	128	63.7	34.9%	55.8%	9.3%	90	44.8	30.0%	58.9%	11.1%
Mood disorders
Any mood disorder	59	29.4	62.7%	23.7%	13.6%	43	21.4	65.9%	20.5%	13.6%
Major depressive disorder	43	21.4	60.5%	25.6%	14.0%	30	14.9	63.3%	23.3%	13.3%
Bipolar disorder	4	2.0	75.0%	0%	25.0%	2	1.0	50.0%	0%	50.0%
Dysthymic disorder	13	6.5	76.9%	15.4%	7.7%	13	6.5	76.9%	15.4%	7.7%
Schizophrenia spectrum disorder
Any schizophrenia spectrum disorder	5	2.5	40.0%	60.0%	0%	3	1.5	66.7%	33.3	0
Schizophrenia	4	2.0	50.0%	50.0%	0%	3	1.5	66.7%	33.3	0
Substance use disorder
Any substance use disorder	62	30.8	15.9%	74.6%	9.5%	46	22.9	8.7%	78.3	13.0
Alcohol abuse or dependence	23	11.4	30.4%	60.9%	8.7%	16	8.0	25.0%	62.5	12.5
Nicotine dependence	49	24.4	16.3%	75.5%	8.2%	41	20.4	12.2%	78.0	9.8
Any drug abuse or dependence	10	5.0	50.0%	40.0%	10.0%	9	4.5	55.6%	33.3	11.1
Anxiety disorder
Any anxiety disorder	19	9.5	36.8%	57.9%	5.3%	17	8.5	35.3%	58.8	5.9
Panic disorder	5	2.5	50.0%	25.0%	25.0%	4	2.0	66.7%	25.0	33.3
Agoraphobia	2	1.0	100.0%	0%	0%	1	0.5	100.0%	0	0
Social phobia	1	0.5	0%	100.0%	0%	0	0	0	0	0
Specific phobia	8	4.0	25.0%	75.0%	0%	1	0.5	16.7	86.3	0
Obsessive compulsive disorder	4	2.0	0%	100.0%	0%	1	0.5	0	100.0	0
Posttraumatic stress disorder	4	2.0	50.0%	50.0%	0%	4	2.0	50.0	50.0	0
Generalized anxiety disorder	4	2.0	100.0%	0%	0%	4	2.0	100.0	0	0
Adjustment disorder	42	20.9	64.3%	21.4%	14.3%	28	13.9	60.7	21.4	17.9

^a“PG First” refers to onset of pathological gambling preceded onset of comorbid psychiatric disorder.
^b“MI First” refers to onset of comorbid psychiatric disorder preceded onset of pathological gambling.
^c“Same Year” refers to both pathological gambling and comorbid psychiatric disorder developed in the same year.