Review Article

Interaction of Herbal Compounds with Biological Targets: A Case Study with Berberine

Table 2

Berberine’s target classification based on PANTHER.

Target namesTarget gene symbolPANTHER molecular functionBiological processPathway categories

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (Pgp, Pgp-170)ABCB1ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances, transmembrane transporter activityImmune system process, extracellular transport, carbohydrate metabolic process, response to toxinATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter

ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2ABCG2ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances, transmembrane transporter activity, anion channel activityImmune system process, anion transport, lipid transport, oxygen and reactive oxygen species, metabolic process, lipid metabolic process, response to stressN/A

Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-αACACAOther ligaseGluconeogenesis, monosaccharide metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, coenzyme metabolismN/A

α-FetoproteinAFPOther transfer/carrier protein Transport, mesoderm development, oncogenesis N/A

Transcription factor AP-1AP-1DNA binding, transcription factor activityCell cycle, intracellular signaling cascade, nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid, metabolic process, cell cycle, signal transductionToll receptor signaling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway, oxidative stress response, angiogenesis, TGF-beta signaling pathway, T-cell activation, B-cell activation, Ras Pathway, FAS signaling pathway, PDGF signaling pathway

Amyloid-β (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease)APPOther signaling moleculesOther signal transduction, cell communication, other intracellular protein trafficAlzheimer disease-amyloid secretase pathway, Alzheimer disease-presenilin pathway, blood coagulation, Alzheimer disease-presenilin pathway, Alzheimer disease-amyloid secretase pathway

Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3ATF3DNA binding, transcription factor activityTranscription factor activity, immune system process, neurological system process, induction of apoptosis, nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic processApoptosis signaling pathway

Bcl2 antagonist of cell deathBADN/AN/APDGF signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway, angiogenesis, PI3 kinase pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, interleukin signaling pathway

BCL2-associated X proteinBAXOther signaling moleculeInduction of apoptosis, gametogenesis, hematopoiesis, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, tumor suppressorp53 pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway, Huntington disease

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2BCL2Other signaling moleculeInhibition of apoptosis, oncogenesisOxidative stress response, apoptosis signaling pathway

Apoptosis regulator Bcl-XBCL2L1Receptor bindingGamete generation, induction of apoptosis, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, mesoderm development, hemopoiesisApoptosis signaling pathway

B-cell lymphoma 3-encoded proteinBcl-3N/ANucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic processInflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway

BH3-interacting domain death agonist p11BIDN/AN/AApoptosis signaling pathway, FAS signaling pathway

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (anti-apoptosis factor c-IPA-1)BIRC2N/AN/AApoptosis signaling pathway

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3BIRC3N/AN/AApoptosis signaling pathway

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (Survivin)BIRC5N/AN/AAngiogenesis

Caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidaseCASP3Cysteine proteaseProteolysis, apoptosisHuntington disease, FAS signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway

Caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidaseCASP8Cysteine proteaseProteolysis, apoptosis Apoptosis signaling pathway, FAS signaling pathway, Huntington disease

Caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidaseCASP9Cysteine proteaseProteolysis, apoptosisAngiogenesis, apoptosis signaling pathway, FAS signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, PI3 kinase pathway

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1)CCL2Nonreceptor serine/threonine, protein kinase Protein phosphorylation, cell cycle control, mitosis N/A

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1CCNB1Protein binding, kinase activator activity, kinase regulator activityMitosisCell cycle, p53 pathway

G1/S-specific cyclin-D1CCND1Protein binding, kinase activator activity, kinase regulator activitySpermatogenesis, mitosisPI3 kinase pathway, cell cycle, Wnt signaling pathway

G1/S-specific cyclin-D2CCND2Protein binding, kinase activator activity, kinase regulator activitySpermatogenesis, mitosisPI3 kinase pathway, cell cycle

Cyclin E1CCNE1Kinase activatorCell cycle control, mitosis, cell proliferation and differentiation p53 pathway, cell cycle, Parkinson disease, p53 pathway feedback loops 2

G1/S-specific cyclin-E1CCNE1Protein binding, kinase activator activity, kinase regulator activityMitosisp53 pathway, cell cycle, Parkinson disease, p53 pathway feedback loops 2

Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chainIL2RA/CD25Cytokine receptor activityImmune system process, cell surface receptor-linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling, signal transduction, cell-cell signalling, cellular defense responseInterleukin signaling pathway

Platelet glycoprotein 4CD36/FATReceptor activityMacrophage activation, lipid transport, apoptosis, signal transduction, cell adhesion, lipid metabolic process, signal transduction, cell adhesion, cellular component, morphogenesisN/A

Early activation antigen CD69CD69Receptor activity, receptor bindingB-cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activation, cellular defense responseMembrane-bound signaling molecule

M-phase inducer phosphatase 1CDC25AHydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds, phosphatase activityPhosphatase activity cell cycle, phosphate metabolic process, protein metabolic process, cell cyclep53 pathway

Cdc42 effector protein 1CDC42EP1N/AN/AN/A

Cyclin dependant kinase 1/cell division control protein 2 homologCDK1/CDC2Kinase activityImmune system process, mitosis, intracellular signaling cascade, protein metabolic process, cell motion, mitosis, signal transduction, response to stressp53 pathway

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2CDK2Nonreceptor serine/threonine protein kinase Protein phosphorylation, cell cycle control, mitosisp53 pathway, p53 pathway feedback loops 2

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4CDK4Nonreceptor serine/threonine protein kinase Protein phosphorylation, cell cycle control, mitosisN/A

Cell division protein kinase 6CDK6Kinase activityImmune system process, mitosis, intracellular signaling cascade, protein metabolic process, cell motion, mitosis, signal transduction, response to stressN/A

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21)CDKN1AProtein binding, kinase inhibitor activity, kinase regulator activityCell cycleInterleukin signaling pathway, p53 pathway feedback loops 2, p53 pathway

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (P27/KIP1)CDKN1BProtein binding, kinase inhibitor activity, kinase regulator activityCell cycleInterleukin signaling pathway

CASP8-and FADD-like apoptosis regulator subunit p12CFLAR/cFLIPPeptidase activity, protein binding, peptidase inhibitor activityApoptosis, protein metabolic processApoptosis signaling pathway, FAS signaling pathway

Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit alpha (IκB kinase)CHUK(IKK)Kinase activityImmune response, intracellular signaling cascade, protein metabolic process, signal transduction, response to stimulusInterleukin signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway, T-cell activation, toll receptor signaling pathway, B-cell activation

SDF-1-α (3–67) (SDF-1)CXCL12N/AN/AAxon guidance-mediated by Slit/Robo

Cytochrome c-1CYC1Reductase Oxidative phosphorylation FAS signaling pathway, ATP synthesis, Huntington disease

Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9CYP2C9Oxygenase Fatty acid metabolism, steroid metabolism, electron transport N/A

Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6CYP2D6Oxygenase Other lipid, fatty acid and steroid metabolism, steroid metabolism, electron transportVitamin D metabolism and pathway

Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4CYP3A4Oxygenase Steroid hormone metabolism, electron transport N/A

Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (CD26, adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2)DPP4Serine protease Proteolysis, cell surface receptor mediated signal transduction, T-cell-mediated immunity N/A

Epidermal growth factor receptorEGFRKinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity, receptor bindingFemale gamete generation, immune system process, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, cell surface receptor-linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling, cell-cell adhesion, protein metabolic process, cell motion, cell cyclesignal transduction, cell-cell signalling, dorsal/ventral axis specification, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, embryonic development, nervous system developmentEGF receptor signaling pathway, cadherin signaling pathway

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 ERBB2/HER2Kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity, receptor bindingFemale gamete generation, immune system process, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling, cell-cell adhesion, protein metabolic process, cell motion, cell cyclesignal transduction, cell-cell signalling, dorsal/ventral axis specification, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, embryonic development, nervous system developmentEGF receptor signaling pathway, cadherin signaling pathway

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3ERK1/MAPK3Kinase activityImmune system process, mitosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, carbohydrate metabolic process, protein metabolic process, cell motion, signal transduction, segment specification, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, embryonic development, nervous system development, response to stressApoptosis signaling pathway, Alzheimer disease-amyloid secretase pathway, B-cell activation, Ras pathway, interleukin signaling pathway, angiogenesis, T-cell activation, toll receptor signaling pathway, insulin/IGF pathway-mitogen activated protein kinase kinase/MAP kinase cascade, FGF signaling pathway, Parkinson disease, PDGF signaling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, interferon-gamma signaling pathway, endothelin signaling pathway, angiogenesis, TGF-beta signaling pathway, integrin signalling pathway, EGF receptor signaling pathway

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4ERK2/MAPK4Kinase activityImmune system process, mitosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, carbohydrate metabolic process, protein metabolic process, cell motion, mitosis, signal transduction, segment specification, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, embryonic development, nervous system development, response to stressAlzheimer disease-amyloid secretase pathway, interleukin signaling pathway, angiogenesis, VEGF signaling pathway, integrin signalling pathway

EzrinEZRStructural constituent of cytoskeletonCellular component, morphogenesisN/A

C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) or growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) or DNA damage-inducible transcript 3GADD153/DDIT3N/AN/AOxidative stress response

Glucagon-like peptide (GCG/GLP-1/GLP-2)GCGReceptor bindingSignal transduction, cell-cell signalling, carbohydrate metabolic process, lipid metabolic process, signal transduction, cell-cell signalling, cellular glucose homeostasisPeptide hormone

Growth/differentiation factor 15 (NAG-1)GDF15Receptor bindingFemale gamete generation, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, signal transduction, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, skeletal system development, heart development, muscle organ developmentTGF-beta signaling pathway

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1αHIF1ADNA binding, transcription factor activityNucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic process, ectoderm development, nervous system developmentHypoxia response via HIF activation, VEGF signaling pathway, angiogenesis

Interferon-βIFNB1Receptor bindingResponse to interferon-gamma, induction of apoptosis, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling, signal transduction, cell-cell signalling, cellular defense responseToll receptor signaling pathway

Interleukin-1βIL1BReceptor bindingImmune response, macrophage activation, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, cell-cell signalling, signal transduction, cell-cell signalling, response to stimulusInflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway

Interleukin-6IL6Receptor bindingImmune system process, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling signal transduction, cell-cell signalingInflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, interleukin signaling pathway

Interleukin 8IL8ChemokineCytokine- and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, calcium-mediated signalling, NF-kappaB cascade, ligand-mediated signalling, T-cell-mediated immunity, macrophage-mediated immunity, granulocyte-mediated immunity, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell motilityInflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, interleukin signaling pathway

Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2KCNH2/HERG1Receptor activity, cation transmembrane transporter activity, voltage-gated potassium channel activity, cation channel activity, cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activityCation transport, signal transductionLigand-gated ion channel

Low-density lipoprotein receptor (familial hypercholesterolemia)LDLROther receptorOogenesisAlzheimer disease-presenilin pathway

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK)MAPK8Kinase activityImmune system process, mitosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, carbohydrate metabolic process, protein metabolic process, cell motion, mitosis, signal transduction, segment specification, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, embryonic development, nervous system development, response to stressAlzheimer disease-amyloid secretase pathway, Ras pathway, EGF receptor signaling pathway, Parkinson disease, angiogenesis, FGF signaling pathway, FAS signaling pathway, toll receptor signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, PDGF signaling pathway, Huntington disease, integrin signalling pathway, T-cell activation, B-cell activation, interferon-gamma signaling pathway, oxidative stress response, apoptosis signaling pathway, integrin signalling pathway

Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1MCL1Receptor bindingGamete generation, induction of apoptosis, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, mesoderm development, hemopoiesisApoptosis signaling pathway

Matrix metallopeptidase 1 (27 kDa interstitial collagenase)MMP1Peptidase activityProtein metabolic processPlasminogen activating cascade, Alzheimer disease-presenilin pathway, plasminogen activating cascade

Matrix metalloproteinase-16MMP16Peptidase activity Protein metabolic process Alzheimer disease-presenilin pathway

72 kDa type IV collagenaseMMP2Metalloprotease, other extracellular matrixProteolysisAlzheimer disease-presenilin pathway

Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase)MMP9Metalloprotease, other extracellular matrixProteolysis Alzheimer disease-presenilin pathway, plasminogen activating cascade

Myc proto-oncogene proteinMYCDNA binding, transcription factor activityInduction of apoptosis, cell cycle, nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid, metabolic process, cell cycleOxidative stress response, p53 pathway feedback loops 2, Wnt signaling pathway, interleukin signaling pathway, PDGF signaling pathway

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1NATAcyltransferase activityMetabolic processAcetyltransferase

Nuclear factor NF-κB p50 subunit (NF-κB)NFKB1DNA binding, transcription factor activityB-cell-mediated immunity, negative regulation of apoptosis, intracellular signaling cascade, nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic process, signal transduction, cellular defense responseT-cell activation, B-cell activation, toll receptor signaling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway

NF-κB inhibitor-αNFKBIAProtein bindingImmune system process, intracellular protein transport apoptosis, intracellular signaling cascade, nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic process, signal transduction, response to stressApoptosis signaling pathway, toll receptor signaling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, T-cell activation, B-cell activation

Nucleophosmin (nucleolar phosphoprotein B23) and telomeraseNPM1N/ANucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic process N/A

Nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor)NR3C1Nuclear hormone receptor, transcription factor, nucleic acid bindingN/AN/A

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1PARPGlycosyltransferaseDNA repair, protein ADP-ribosylation, stress responseFAS signaling pathway

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9PCSK9Serine protease ProteolysisN/A

Urokinase-plasminogen activatorPLAUPeptidase activityImmune system process, signal transduction, protein metabolic process, cell motion, signal transduction, blood coagulationBlood coagulation, plasminogen activating cascade

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γPPARGNuclear hormone receptor, transcription factor, nucleic acid bindingMonosaccharide metabolism, regulation of lipid, fatty acid, and steroid metabolism, mRNA transcription regulation, ligand-mediated signalling, stress response, developmental processes, cell proliferation and differentiationN/A

Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2PTGS2/COX2Oxidoreductase activityImmune system processEndothelin signaling pathway, toll receptor signaling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1RAC1GTPase activity, protein bindingIntracellular protein transport, endocytosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, signal transductionAxon guidance mediated by Slit/Robo, integrin signalling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, Huntington disease, axon guidance mediated by Slit/Robo, FGF signaling pathway, T-cell activation, axon guidance mediated by netrin, EGF receptor signaling pathway, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPase, aAxon guidance mediated by semaphorins, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPase, B-cell activation, Ras pathway

Rho-associated protein kinase 1ROCK1/RHOKinase activityMitosis, intracellular signaling cascade, cell adhesion, protein metabolic process, cell motion, mitosis, signal transduction, cell adhesion, embryonic developmentInflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPase

Transforming protein RhoARHOAGTPase activity, protein bindingIntracellular protein transport, endocytosis, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, signal transductionAxon guidance mediated by Slit/Robo, angiogenesis, heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gq alpha; and Go alpha mediated pathway, axon guidance mediated by semaphorins, inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, integrin signalling pathway, Ras pathway, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPase, PDGF signaling pathway

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROSROS1Kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity, receptor bindingFemale gamete generation, immune system process, visual perception, sensory perception, negative regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling, cell-cell adhesion, protein metabolic process, cell motion, cell cycle, signal transduction, ectoderm development, mesoderm development, embryonic development, nervous system developmentN/A

Runt-related transcription factor 2RUNX2DNA binding, transcription factor activityMesoderm development, skeletal system development, hemopoiesisN/A

Sucrase-isomaltase (Alpha-glucosidase)SIHydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compoundsCarbohydrate metabolic process, protein metabolic processN/A

Processed sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2SREBP2DNA binding, transcription factor activityNucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process, lipid metabolic processBasic helix-loop-helix transcription factor

Tumor necrosis factor/tumor necrosis factor-αTNFATumor necrosis factor family memberCytokine- and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, ligand-mediated signalling, immunity and defense, induction of apoptosisWnt signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway

Topoisomerase (DNA) ITop1DNA topoisomeraseDNA replication, general mRNA transcription activitiesDNA replication

Cellular tumor antigen p53TP53DNA binding, transcription factor activityInduction of apoptosis, cell cycle, nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic process, cell cycleApoptosis signaling pathway, Huntington disease, P53 pathway feedback loops 1, p53 pathway, p53 pathway by glucose deprivation, p53 pathway feedback loops 2, Wnt signaling pathway

Vascular endothelial growth factor AVEGFAReceptor bindingImmune system process, cell cycle, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular signaling cascade, cell-cell signalling, cell cyclesignal transduction, mesoderm development, angiogenesis, response to stressAngiogenesis, VEGF signaling pathway

Wee1-like protein kinaseWee1Kinase activityMitosis, protein metabolic processProtein kinase