Ephedra alte (Joint Pine): An Invasive, Problematic Weedy Species in Forestry and Fruit Tree Orchards in Jordan

Table 2

Common, scientific, and family names, growth form, vegetative mass, incidence, and biogeographical regions of plant species attacked by E. alte in Jordan for the period 2008–2010.

Common name	Scientific name	Family name	Growth status	Vegetative mass of E. alte	Incidence	Biogeographical region
Fruit trees
Almond	Amygdalus communis L.	Rosaceae	C and W	High	Common	Subtropical and Mediterranean
Mexican lime	Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle	Rutaceae	C	High	Limited	Mediterranean
Lemon	Citrus limon L.	Rutaceae	C	Moderate	Rare	Mediterranean and Subtropical
Fig	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	C	High	Limited	Mediterranean and Subtropical
Grape	Vitis vinifera L.	Vitaceae	C	Moderate	Rare	Mediterranean
Indian fig	Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller	Cactaceae	C	High	Very common	Mediterranean, tropical, and Subtropical
Nectarine	Prunus persica L.	Rosaceae	C	High	Rare	Mediterranean
Olive	Olea europaea L.	Oleaceae	C	High	Limited	Mediterranean
Pomegranate	Punica granatum L.	Punicaceae	C	High	Limited	Subtropical
Shrubs
Bedstraw	Galium sp.	Rubiaceae	W	High	Rare	Mediterranean
Fern-leaved clematis	Clematis cirrhosa L.	Ranunculaceae	W	Moderate	Rare	Mediterranean
Giant cane	Arundo donax L.	Gramineae	W	Light	Rare	Subtropical
Grey asparagus	Asparagus stipularis Forssk.	Liliaceae	W	Moderate	Rare	Mediterranean
Caper	Capparis spinosa L.	Capparidaceae	W	High	Rare	Subtropical
Indian fleabane	Pluchea indica (L.) Less.	Compositae	W	Moderate	Rare	Tropical and Subtropical
Inula	Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton	Compositae	W	Light	Rare	Subtropical
Jerusalem spurge	Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss	Euphorbiaceae	W	Light	Rare	Mediterranean
Syrian mesquite	Prosopis farcta (Banks and Soland.) J. F. Macbr	Leguminosae	W	Moderate	Rare	Subtropical
Sumac	Rhus coriaria L.	Anacardiaceae	W	High	Rare	Subtropical
Sumac	Rhus tripartita L.	Anacardiaceae	W	Moderate	Limited	Subtropical
Thorny burnet	Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach	Rosaceae	W	High	Rare	Mediterranean
Ornamental shrubs and climbers
Common ivy	Hedera helix L.	Araliaceae	C	High	Rare	Mediterranean
Heaven tree	Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle	Simaroubaceae	C	Moderate	Rare	Mediterranean
Bush jasmine	Jasminum fruticans L.	Oleaceae	C	Light	Rare	Mediterranean
Jasmine	Jasminum grandiflorum L.		C	High	Rare	Mediterranean
Oleander	Nerium oleander L.	Apocynaceae	W	Light	Rare	Subtropical
Firethorn	Pyracantha coccinea Roem	Rosaceae	C	Light	Rare	Mediterranean
Forest trees
Aleppo oak	Quercus infectoria Olivier	Fagaceae	W	High	Limited	Mediterranean
Aleppo pine	Pinus halepensis Mill.	Pinaceae	C	Light	Rare	Mediterranean
Carob	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Leguminosae	C	Moderate	Rare	Subtropical
Christ thorn jujube	Zizyphus spina-christi L.	Rhamnaceae	W	High	Very common	Subtropical
Cypress	Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (Miller) Gordon	Cupressaceae	C	High	Limited	Mediterranean
Cypress	Cupressus sempervirens L. var. pyramidalis	Cupressaceae	C	High	Limited	Mediterranean
Golden wreath wattle	Acacia cyanophylla Lindley	Leguminosae	C	Moderate	Limited	Subtropical
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	Rosaceae	W	High	Very common	Mediterranean
Kermes oak	Quercus coccifera L.	Fagaceae	W	High	Very common	Mediterranean
Mosphilla	Crataegus azarolus L.	Rosaceae	W	High	Very common	Mediterranean
Palestine buckthorn	Rhamnus palaestina Boiss	Rhamnaceae	W	High	Very common	Subtropical
Terebinth	Pistacia atlantica Desf.	Anacardiaceae	W	High	Rare	Mediterranean
White weeping broom	Retama raetam (Forskal) Webb and Berth	Leguminosae	C	High	Common	Subtropical and Mediterranean
Wild pistachio	Pistacia palaestina Boiss	Anacardiaceae	C	Moderate	Common	Mediterranean

Rare: only on few plants in 1-2 sites of a biogeographical region.
Limited: on few plants localized in certain locations of 1 or 2 biogeographical regions.
Common: on certain plant species in > one biogeographical region.
Very common: on many plant species in different locations of different biogeographical regions.
C: cultivated, W: wild.