Effects of Visual Deprivation on Gait Dynamic Stability

Table 2

Effects on gait stability parameters. Mean ± standard deviation of gait stability parameters in full- versus no-vision condition, and the P-values of the effects of vision (V), environment (E), gender (G), and all their possible interactions on upper body accelerations evaluated on three central strides (aRMS), over the entire trial (atRMS), acceleration root mean square normalized by walking speed (nRMS) and by cranio-caudal acceleration (𝑎𝑅𝑀𝑆_𝐿𝐿 / 𝑎𝑅𝑀𝑆_𝐶𝐶 and 𝑎𝑅𝑀𝑆_𝐴𝑃 / 𝑎𝑅𝑀𝑆_𝐶𝐶), harmonic ratio (aHR), mean angular velocity (𝜛), and its module (|𝜛|).

Gait stability Parameters	FV	NV	V	E	G	V * E	V * G	E * G	V * E * G
aRMS
CC	2.76 ± 0.59	1.87 ± 0.68	<0.001	0.119	0.590	<0.001	0.283	0.982	0.683
LL	1.51 ± 0.36	1.23 ± 0.36	<0.001	0.251	0.714	0.029	0.003	0.799	0.731
AP	1.72 ± 0.28	1.32 ± 0.36	<0.001	0.029	0.467	0.009	0.127	0.839	0.796
atRMS
CC	2.38 ± 0.46	1.64 ± 0.56	<0.001	0.047	0.558	0.001	0.404	0.953	0.868
LL	1.41 ± 0.26	1.17 ± 0.32	<0.001	0.092	0.257	0.018	<0.001	0.947	0.577
AP	1.55 ± 0.24	1.22 ± 0.32	<0.001	0.010	0.394	0.004	0.137	0.709	0.818
nRMS
CC	1.41 ± 0.28	1.45 ± 0.31	0.451	0.934	0.275	0.019	0.089	0.471	0.664
LL	0.78 ± 0.19	0.99 ± 0.26	<0.001	0.306	0.026	0.558	0.002	0.693	0.574
AP	0.88 ± 0.16	1.05 ± 0.21	0.001	0.664	0.166	0.689	0.157	0.346	0.513
aRMSLL/ aRMSCC	0.56 ± 0.12	0.69 ± 0.16	<0.001	0.147	0.242	0.011	0.006	0.882	0.793
aRMSAP/aRMSCC	0.64 ± 0.12	0.74 ± 0.14	<0.001	0.656	0.861	0.004	0.729	0.908	0.670
aHR
CC	8.74 ± 3.34	8.10 ± 4.07	0.425	0.741	0.170	0.442	0.161	0.563	0.957
LL	3.47 ± 2.48	3.20 ± 1.23	0.554	0.230	0.751	0.017	0.400	0.725	0.876
AP	7.54 ± 2.95	5.95 ± 2.19	0.026	0.366	0.547	0.667	0.636	0.887	0.826
𝜛	1.71 ± 4.34	0.29 ± 2.70	0.085	0.143	0.877	0.691	0.135	0.384	0.568
|𝜛|	2.52 ± 3.91	1.59 ± 2.17	0.188	0.114	0.758	0.653	0.559	0.958	0.989