Current Status on Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Microbial Degradation of Nicotine

Table 1

The optimal conditions, nicotine degradation efficiency, and degradation pathways of nicotine-degrading bacteria.

Microorganism	Medium	Optimal conditions; (pH and Temperature)	Nicotine degradation efficiency (g/L)	Pathway	Reference
Fungi
Pellicularia filamentosa JTS-208	Synthetic	ND	0.04/20 d	Demethylation	[21]
Cunninghamella echinulata IFO-4444	Synthetic	ND	0.54/13 d	Demethylation	[21]
Aspergillus oryzae 112822	Synthetic	6.5, 28°C	2.12/40 h	A variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine	[22]
Gram-positive bacteria
Arthrobacter nicotinophagum N. sp.	Synthetic	6.8 to 7.0, 20 to 25°C	1.62/56 h	Pyridine	[23]
Arthrobacter sp. HF-2	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	0.70/43 h	ND	[24]
Gram-negative bacteria
Pseudomonas sp. 41	Synthetic	6.4, 30°C	1.30/24 h	Pyrrolidine	[25]
Pseudomonas sp. HF-1	Synthetic	6.5 to 7.5, 30°C	1.30/25 h	Pyrrolidine	[26]
Ochrobactrum intermedium DN2	Synthetic	30°C	0.50/36 h	ND	[27]
P. putida S16	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	3.00/10 h	Pyrrolidine	[28]
Pseudomonas sp. Nic 22	Synthetic	6.5, 30 to 34°C	2.89/52 h	ND	[29]
P. putida J5	Synthetic	30°C	3.97/48 h	ND	[30]
Rhodococcus sp. Y22	Synthetic	7.0, 28°C	1.00/52 h	ND	[31]
Agrobacterium  tumefaciens S33	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	5.00/18 h	A variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine	[32]
Gram-negative bacteria
Ensifer sp. N7	Synthetic	7.0, 28°C	3.35/48 h	ND	[33]
Pseudomonas sp. ZUTSKD	Synthetic	7.5, 30°C	1.55/12 h	ND	[34]
Pseudomonas sp. HZN6	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	0.50/12 h	Pyrrolidine	[35]
Shinella sp. HZN1	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	0.50/9 h	ND	[36]
Acinetobacter sp. TW	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	1.00/12 h	ND	[37]
Sphingomonas sp. TY	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	1.00/18 h	ND	[37]
Pseudoxanthomonas sp. 5–52	Synthetic	7.0, 28°C	1.00/28 h	ND	[38]
P. stutzeri	Synthetic	7.5, 37°C	2.50/36 h	ND	[39]
Sinorhizobium sp. 5–28	Synthetic	7.0, 28°C	1.50/28 h	ND	[38]
Ochrobactrum sp. 4–40	Synthetic	7.0, 28°C	0.50/28 h	ND	[38]
P. plecoglossicida TND35	Synthetic	7.0, 30°C	3.0/12 h	A variant of pyrrolidine	[2]

ND: not detected.