Research Article
Clay Improvement with Burned Olive Waste Ash
Table 1
Properties of the bentonite.
| Chemical analysis |
| L.o.I. (%) |
7.50 ± 1.00 | SiO2 (%) |
71.00 ± 1.00 | Al2O3 (%) | 14.00 ± 1.00 | Fe2O3 (%) | 0.70 ± 0.10 | TiO2 (%) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | CaO (%) | 1.10 ± 0.30 | MgO (%) | 3.20 ± 0.20 | Na2O (%) | 0.25 ± 0.05 | K2O (%) | 1.00 ± 0.10 |
| Mineralogical analysis |
| Montmorillonite (%) | 80 | Cristobalite-opal C (%) | 17 | K-feldspar (%) | 3 | Plagioclase (%) | Trace |
| Properties |
| Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 gr) | 85.0 ± 5.0 | CaCO3 (%) | 0 | Swelling (mL/2 gr) | 8.0 ± 2.0 | Sedimentation (72 hours) (mL) | 10 | Sintering point (°C) | 1200 | Bulk density (gr/lt) | 800 ± 30 | Clumping test | Positive | Clump weight (gr) | 55 ± 5 | Water absorbtion (%) | 90 ± 5 | Water absorbtion duration (sec) | max. 65 | NH3 adsorption (ppm) | 40 | Bleaching—original(Tonsil equivalent) | 0.6 | Bleaching—Acid activated (Tonsil equivalent) | 0.7 | pH (8% solid) | 8.5 | Grit content (+75 μm) (%) | <4 | Color | White | Lightness | 93 ± 1 | Moisture (%) | <30 |
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