Correlates of and Barriers to the Utilization of Health Services for Delivery in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Table 3

Logistic regression on “using trained personnel in the past 5 years” by selected variables.

Variables	Kenya	Nigeria	Tanzania	Bangladesh	India	Pakistan
	Odds ratio	Odds ratio	Odds ratio	Odds ratio	Odds ratio	Odds ratio
Place of residence
Rural	0.64 (0.5, 0.8)	0.68 (0.6, 0.8)	0.37 (0.3, 0.5)	0.49 (0.4, 0.6)	0.54 (0.5, 0.6)	0.66 (0.6, 0.8)
Urban (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Wife’s education
None	0.46 (0.3, 0.6)	0.23 (0.2, 0.3)	0.59 (0.4, 0.8)	0.28 (0.2, 0.4)	0.44 (0.4, 0.5)	0.46 (0.4, 0.6)
Primary	0.53 (0.4, 0.7)	0.50 (0.5, 0.6)	0.85 (0.7, 1.1)	0.43 (0.3, 0.5)	0.63 (0.6, 0.7)	0.64 (0.5, 0.8)
Secondary+ (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Husband’s education
None	0.54 (0.4, 0.8)	0.59 (0.5, 0.7)	0.59 (0.5, 0.8)	0.55 (0.4, 0.7)	0.83 (0.8, 0.9)	0.77 (0.7, 0.9)
Primary	0.66 (0.5, 0.8)	1.08 (1.0, 1.2)	1.03 (0.8, 1.3)	0.55 (0.5, 0.7)	0.97 (0.9, 1.0)	0.80 (0.7, 1.0)
Secondary+ (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Women’s work
Not working	0.89 (0.8, 1.1)	0.67 (0.6, 0.7)	0.96 (0.8, 1.2)	1.21 (1.0, 1.5)	0.94 (0.9, 1.0)	0.95 (0.8, 1.1)
Working (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Final say on own health care
No	1.12 (0.9, 1.3)	0.66 (0.6, 0.7)	0.79 (0.7, 0.9)	0.91 (0.8, 1.1)	1.05 (1.0, 1.1)	—
Yes (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	—
Wealth index
Poorest	0.21 (0.1, 0.3)	0.08 (0.1, 0.1)	0.24 (0.2, 0.3)	0.26 (0.2, 0.4)	0.14 (0.1, 0.2)	0.18 (0.1, 0.2)
Poorer	0.29 (0.2, 0.4)	0.15 (0.1, 0.2)	0.27 (0.2, 0.4)	0.19 (0.1, 0.3)	0.18 (0.2, 0.2)	0.25 (0.2, 0.3)
Middle	0.43 (0.3, 0.6)	0.26 (0.2, 0.3)	0.38 (0.3, 0.5)	0.31 (0.2, 0.4)	0.29 (0.3, 0.3)	0.33 (0.3, 0.4)
Richer	0.51 (0.4, 0.7)	0.46 (0.4, 0.5)	0.50 (0.4, 0.7)	0.44 (0.4, 0.6)	0.45 (0.4, 0.5)	0.54 (0.4, 0.7)
Richest (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Media exposure
Low	0.66 (0.5, 0.8)	0.83 (0.7, 0.9)	0.78 (0.6, 1.0)	0.62 (0.5, 0.8)	0.65 (0.6, 0.7)	—
High (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	—
Age
<30	0.60 (0.4, 0.9)	0.62 (0.5, 0.7)	0.50 (0.4, 0.7)	0.53 (0.3, 1.0)	0.81 (0.7, 1.0)	0.64 (0.5, 0.8)
30–39	0.92 (0.7, 1.3)	0.94 (0.8, 1.1)	0.75 (0.6, 0.9)	0.94 (0.5, 1.8)	1.12 (1.0, 1.3)	0.82 (0.7, 1.0)
40+ (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Birth parity
1-2	2.49 (1.9, 3.2)	1.85 (1.6, 2.1)	3.11 (2.5, 3.9)	3.33 (2.2, 5.1)	3.45 (3.1, 3.8)	2.07 (1.7, 2.5)
3-4	1.69 (1.4, 2.1)	1.36 (1.2, 1.5)	1.84 (1.5, 2.2)	1.62 (1.1, 2.4)	1.67 (1.5, 1.8)	1.25 (1.1, 1.5)
5+ (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Constant	8.96	12.79	10.20	1.76	6.31	5.39

Figures in brackets show 95 percent confidence intervals.