Research Article
Cooccurrence of Mycotoxins in Maize and Poultry Feeds from Brazil by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Table 1
Spiking levels (SL), limit of detection (LOD), and average apparent recoveries of spiked maize and feed.
| Toxins | SL | LOD | Recovery (%) | g/kg | g/kg | Maize | Feed |
| Fumonisins | | | | | Fumonisin B1 (FB1) | 504 | 8 | | | Fumonisin B2 (FB2) | 505 | 7 | | | Fumonisin B3 (FB3) | 50.0 | 4 | | | Hydrolysed fumonisin B1 (HFB1) | 54.9 | 17 | | | Aflatoxins | | | | | Aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1) | 25 | 0.8 | | | Aflatoxin G1 (AFL G1) | 25 | 0.5 | | | Aflatoxin B2 (AFL B2) | 25 | 0.7 | | | Aflatoxin G2 (AFL G2) | 25 | 1 | | | Ochratoxins | | | | | Ochratoxin A (OTA) | 20 | 1 | | | Ochratoxin B (OTB) | 20 | 1 | | | Ochratoxin α (OT) | 11 | 3 | 77 | 84 | Zearalenone | | | | | Zearalenone (ZON) | 100 | 0.4 | | | Zearalenone-4-sulfate | 0.4 | 0.3 | 86 | 95 | α-Zearalenol (α-ZOL) | 20 | 3 | | | β-Zearalenol (β-ZOL) | 20 | 4 | | | α-Zearalenol-glucoside | 120 | 0.8 | | | β-Zearalenol-glucoside | 120 | 1 | 110 | 99 | Zearalenone-4-glucoside | 20 | 5 | | | Hexadepsipeptides | | | | | Beauvericin (BEA) | 10 | 2 | 66 | 86 | Enniatin A (EA) | 0.8 | 0.1 | | | Enniatin A1 (EA1) | 0.56 | 0.15 | | | Enniatin B (EB) | 0.53 | 0.3 | | | Enniatin B1 (EB1) | 1.51 | 0.2 | | | Enniatin B3 (EB3) | 0.63 | 0.04 | 93 | 87 | Ergot alkaloids | | | | | Agroclavine | 3.4 | 0.2 | | | Chanoclavine | 50 | 0.4 | | | Festuclavine | 50 | 0.15 | | | Elymoclavine | 50 | 1 | | | Elymoclavine fructoside | 50 | 4 | | | Oxidized elymoclavine | 50 | 3 | | | Ergine | 1.08 | 0.1 | | | Ergotamine | 1.08 | 0.7 | 24 | 37 | Ergocornine | 1.08 | 1 | 36 | 30 | Ergocorninine | 0.692 | 0.15 | 52 | 62 | Ergocristine | 1.08 | 0.3 | 23 | 33 | Ergocristinine | 0.692 | 0.2 | 59 | 61 | α-Ergocryptine | 1.08 | 0.2 | 30 | 36 | α-Ergocryptinine | 0.692 | 0.1 | 67 | 69 | Ergometrine | 2.17 | 0.1 | 90 | 80 | Ergometrinine | 0.432 | 0.07 | | | Ergosine | 1.08 | 0.13 | 37 | 31 | Ergosinine | 0.692 | 0.02 | 82 | 48 | Dihydroergotamine | 1.08 | 0.5 | 49 | 43 | Oxidized luol | 50 | 0.3 | 72 | 75 | Dihydrolysergol | 50 | 0.2 | | | Lysergol | 50 | 1 | | | Trichothecenes | | | | | Deoxynivalenol (DON) | 100 | 20 | | | 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol | 50.4 | 50 | | | 3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol | 100 | 20 | | | Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside | 20 | 15 | | | Deepoxydeoxynivalenol | 25.5 | 15 | 127 | 114 | Nivalenol (NIV) | 100 | 50 | | | Fusarenon X (F-X) | 101 | 50 | | | Toxin HT-2 (HT2) | 100 | 20 | | | Toxin T-2 (T2) | 100 | 20 | | | Neosolaniol (NEO) | 27 | 3 | | | Monoacetoxyscirpenol | 10 | 2 | | | Diacetoxyscirpenol | 100 | 1 | | | Verrucarol | 200 | 180 | | | Verrucarin A | 10.7 | 5 | 95 | 91 | Roridin A | 13.7 | 1 | 89 | 87 | T2-Tetraol | 42.7 | 20 | 76 | 89 | T2-Triol | 42.7 | 20 | 79 | 77 | Others | | | | | Moniliformin (MON) | 204 | 81 | 87 | 112 | Kojic acid. | 300 | 160 | | | Emodin | 8.5 | 4 | 89 | 65 | Penicillic acid | 62.5 | 20 | | | Brefeldin A | 62.5 | 60 | | | Roquefortin C | 62.5 | 4 | | | Gibberellic acid | 85.4 | 20 | 102 | 101 | Patulin (PAT) | 64.2 | 100 | 16 | 22 | Gliotoxin | 42.7 | 12 | 58 | 12 | Fumitremorgin C | 6.4 | 4 | 90 | 79 | Altenuene | 8.5 | 6 | 89 | 102 | Alternariol | 17.1 | 2 | 91 | 82 | Alternariol monomethyl ether | 8.5 | 0.1 | 99 | 81 | Sterigmatocystin | 8.5 | 0.4 | 78 | 84 | Citrinin (CTN) | 25.6 | 30 | 90 | 122 | Cytochalasin A | 62.5 | 30 | | | Cytochalasin B | 62.5 | 10 | | | Cytochalasin C | 62.5 | 2 | | | Cytochalasin D | 62.5 | 4 | | | Cytochalasin H | 62.5 | 30 | | | Cytochalasin J | 62.5 | 5 | | | Mevinolin | 42.7 | 7 | 109 | 65 | Mycophenolic acid | 23.9 | 10 | 106 | 103 | Paxilline | 42.7 | 25 | 99 | 66 | Penitrem A | 12.8 | 5 | 133 | 121 | Sulochrin | 21.3 | 4 | 84 | 83 | Tentoxin | 3.39 | 0.5 | 148 | 152 | Chaetoglobosin A | 21.3 | 9 | 10 | 50 | Chetomin | 64.0 | 100 | 18 | 17 | Meleagrin | 21.3 | 2 | 92 | 99 | Verruculogen | 24.4 | 50 | 78 | 86 | Griseofulvin | 21.3 | 10 | 90 | 90 | Methysergide | 0.70 | 0.4 | 75 | 83 | Alamethicin-F30 | 40 | 3 | 99 | 85 | HC toxin | 43.5 | 20 | | |
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