The Evolutionary Relationship between Microbial Rhodopsins and Metazoan Rhodopsins

Table 3

Mutation distance between 24 metazoan rhodopsin's ancestral states and their evolutionarily closest microbial rhodopsin's ancestral state (Figure 3). Within test region, the average mutation distance between existent microbial and metazoan rhodopsins is 119±5 mutations in the first and second codon positions.

	Observed mutation distance	Expected mutation distance; (standard deviation)	The probability of observed mutation distance is caused by chance
Carolina anole	66	79.7 (±6.5)	0.0183 (<0.05)
Malaria mosquito	72	90.1 (±6.5)	0.0029 (<0.05)
Honey bee	79	84.9 (±6.6)	0.1814
Bovine	81	87.1 (±6.6)	0.1736
Amphioxus	75	92.9 (±6.5)	0.0031 (<0.05)
Dog	80	89.3 (±6.6)	0.0778
Sea squirt	68	84.5 (±6.6)	0.006 (<0.05)
Zebra fish	77	92.8 (±6.5)	0.0078 (<0.05)
Armadillo	75	82.4 (±6.6)	0.1292
Fruit fly	74	86.4 (±6.6)	0.0294 (<0.05)
Atlantic cod	86	92.4 (±6.5)	0.1611
Chicken	63	80.1 (±6.5)	0.0045 (<0.05)
Human	69	81.8 (±6.5)	0.0256 (<0.05)
Coelacanth	69	78.7 (±6.5)	0.0681
Opossum	67	82.6 (±6.6)	0.0084 (<0.05)
Mouse	69	73.5 (±6.5)	0.2451
Brown bat	74	74.8 (±6.5)	0.4522
Platypus	80	92.3 (±6.5)	0.0294 (<0.05)
Body louse	70	86.8 (±6.6)	0.0052 (<0.05)
Lamprey	68	78.4 (±6.5)	0.0548
Acorn worm	87	105.8 (±6.4)	0.0016 (<0.05)
Sea urchin	73	84.5 (±6.6)	0.0392 (<0.05)
Dolphin	69	79.6 (±6.5)	0.0516
Clawed frog	83	93 (±6.5)	0.063