Emergy Evaluation of a Production and Utilization Process of Irrigation Water in China

Table 4

Emergy evaluation of the integrated system of irrigation water production and irrigated agriculture^a.

Number	Item	Raw data		Solar transformity^b		Solar emergy
Renewable resources (R)						1.24𝐸+17	sej/year
1	Sunlight	6.96𝐸+14	J/year	1.00𝐸+00	sej/J	6.96𝐸+14	sej/year
2	Wind, kinetic energy	4.14𝐸+11	J/year	1.50𝐸+03	sej/J	6.22𝐸+14	sej/year
3	Rain, geopotential	9.83𝐸+09	J/year	1.05𝐸+04	sej/J	1.03𝐸+14	sej/year
4	Rain, chemical	8.26𝐸+11	J/year	1.82𝐸+04	sej/J	1.50𝐸+16	sej/year
5	Water taken from the local river	2.94𝐸+12	J/year	3.72𝐸+04	sej/J^c	1.09𝐸+17	sej/year
Nonrenewable resources (N)						1.27𝐸+17	sej/year
6	Net top soil loss	1.47𝐸+10	J/year	7.40𝐸+04	sej/J	1.09𝐸+15	sej/year
7	Soil	1.26𝐸+08	g/year	1.00𝐸+09	sej/g	1.26𝐸+17	sej/year
8	Water used by cement	2.22𝐸+07	J/year	3.72𝐸+04	sej/J^c	8.26𝐸+11	sej/year
Materials (M)						5.44𝐸+17	sej/year
9	Cement	1.03𝐸+07	g/year	3.04𝐸+09	sej/g^d	3.12𝐸+16	sej/year
10	Sand	2.73𝐸+07	g/year	1.00𝐸+09	sej/g^d	2.73𝐸+16	sej/year
11	Stone	3.36𝐸+07	g/year	1.68𝐸+09	sej/g^d	5.64𝐸+16	sej/year
12	Steel	6.00𝐸+04	g/year	6.94𝐸+09	sej/g^d	4.16𝐸+14	sej/year
13	Brick	1.80𝐸+07	g/year	3.68𝐸+09	sej/g^d	6.62𝐸+16	sej/year
14	Machinery	3.11𝐸+02	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$	1.05𝐸+15	sej/year
15	Temporary works	2.98𝐸+01	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$	1.01𝐸+14	sej/year
16	Electricity	5.97𝐸+10	J/year	1.59𝐸+05	sej/J	9.49𝐸+15	sej/year
17	Nitrogenous fertilizer	1.28𝐸+07	g/year	2.41𝐸+10	sej/g	3.09𝐸+17	sej/year
18	Phosphate fertilizer	6.48𝐸+05	g/year	2.20𝐸+10	sej/g	1.43𝐸+16	sej/year
19	Compound fertilizer	8.46𝐸+06	g/year	2.80𝐸+09	sej/g^e	2.37𝐸+16	sej/year
20	Pesticide	2.70𝐸+06	g/year	1.62𝐸+09	sej/g	4.37𝐸+15	sej/year
21	Hybrid seeds	9.00𝐸+05	g/year	1.00𝐸+09	sej/g	9.00𝐸+14	sej/year
Services (S)						1.32𝐸+17	sej/year
22	Labor	3.49𝐸+03	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$^f	1.18𝐸+16	sej/year
23	Other costs (e.g., construction management and production preparation)	1.82𝐸+02	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$^f	6.16𝐸+14	sej/year
24	Maintenance	1.36𝐸+03	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$^f	4.61𝐸+15	sej/year
25	Leasing operating costs	2.70𝐸+04	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$^f	9.12𝐸+16	sej/year
26	Agricultural technology service	1.62𝐸+03	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$^f	5.47𝐸+15	sej/year
27	Pumping water services	5.40𝐸+03	$/year	3.38𝐸+12	sej/$^f	1.82𝐸+16	sej/year
Total emergy yield (Y)						9.28𝐸+17	sej/year
Output (O)
28	Rice	6.52𝐸+12	J/year	1.42𝐸+05	sej/J^g	9.28𝐸+17	sej/year

aData sources and calculations are given in Appendix C. For the methods of energy transformation, refer to [25].
bTransformitiesfrom [25, 27].
cAssumed the same as that of the Yangtze river [24].
dTransformities from [52].
eTransformity from [28].
fThe emergy/dollar ratio of Chinese economy 2002 is from [24].
gCalculated in this study.