Research Article
Applying an ESSENCE Framework to Understanding Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD: Retrospective Parent Reports of Childhood Problems
Table 2
Five to fifteen subdomain median scores.
| ESSENCE domain | FTF subdomain | ADHD
| ASD | ADHD+ASD
| Other psychiatric disorders | FTF norms |
| Motor coordination | Gross motor skills | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.07 | .14 | Motor coordination | Fine motor skills | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.00 | .10 | Attention | Attention | 1.2 | 0.60 | 1.22 | 0.22 | .25 | Activity | Hypoactive and hyperactive/impulsive | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.15 | .00 and .22* | General development | Planning and organizing | 1.17 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.00 | .33 | Motor coordination | Relation in space |
0.20 | 0.20 | 0.60 | 0.00 | .00 | General development | Time concepts |
0.50 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | .05 | Motor coordination | Body perception |
0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.00 | .00 | General development | Visual perception | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .00 | General development | Memory | 0.55 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.09 | .18 | Communication and language | Comprehension | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.00 | .00 | Communication and language | Expressive language skills | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.00 | .00 | Social interaction | Communication | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.83 | 0.00 | .00 | General development | Reading/writing and math | 0.62 | 0.23 | 0.69 | 0.00 | −.12 and −.00* | General development | General learning | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.00 | −.00 | General development | Coping in learning | 1.00 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.20 | −.20 | Social interaction | Social skills | 0.44 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.15 | .04 | Behavior/sleep/mood-mood | Internalising and externalising | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.20 | .00 and .08* | Behavior/sleep/mood | Obsessive-compulsive | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.00 | .00 |
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*FTF norms for 9–12 years old because 6–8 years old norms are not available for these subdomains.
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