The Impact of Drug Treatment Courts on Recovery: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Individual study findings according to study design and outcomes measure*.

	Drug use	Alcohol use	Family; (and social) relationships	Employment	Income	Mental health	Physical health
PPD^1
Johnson et al. (2011) [45]	+	#	#	#	#	#	#
Freeman (2003) [32]	+	#	+	#	#	+	+
RCT^2 or QED^3 treated as PPD
Dakof et al. (2010) [43]	+	+	+	+		+	+
Dakof et al. (2009) [41]	#	#	+	#	#	#	#
Marlowe et al. (2009) [42]	+	#	#	#	#	#	#
Leukefeld et al. (2007) [38]	+	+	#	+	+	#	#
Eibner et al. (2006) [36]		+	#	#	#	#	#
Marlowe et al. (2005) [35]	+ (−)	+	=	=		=	+
QED
Burrus et al. (2011) [44]	#	#	+	#	#	#	#
Worcel et al. (2008) [40]	#	#	+	#	#	#	#
Marinelli-casey et al. (2008) [39]	+	=	=	=		=	=
Boles et al. (2007) [37]	#	#	+	#	#	#	#
Ashford (2004) [33]	#	#	=	#	#	#	#
Brewster (2001) [31]	=	#	#	=	#	#	#
RCT
Gottfredson et al. (2005) [34]	+	+	=	=	+	=	=
Deschenes et al. (1995) [30]	+	#	#	−	#	#	#

*A “+” indicates a significant difference in favor of the DTC, a “−” indicates a significant difference in favor of the control group, a “=” indicates no significant difference between the DTC and the control group, and “#” indicates that the outcome variable was not reported.
¹non-controlled pre-post design.
²randomized controlled trial.
³quasi-experimental design.