|
| Authors | Design | Participants | Tasks | Type of electrodes | Electrode
positioning | Outcome measure | Results |
|
| Redenbaugh and Reich 1989 [31] | Case-control | 7 normal and
7 patients with vocal hyperfunction | At rest, phonation, and reading
| Unipolar | Thyrohyoid membrane | RMS | (i) EMG levels in MTD significantly higher than normal
(ii) Moderately high correlations between clinical measures and speech EMG values |
|
| Hočevar-Boltežar et al. 1998 [32] | Case-control | 5 normal and
11 patients with
MTD | At rest,
phonation | Unipolar | Perioral area and
anterior neck | RMS | (i) Increases of EMG activity in the perioral and supralaryngeal muscles before and during phonation
(ii) Same sEMG level for both groups at rest |
|
| Stepp et al. 2010 [26] | Pretest-posttest | 13 patients with
vocal folds paralysis
(before and after thyroplasty injection) | Phonation,
reading, and
spontaneous speech | Double-differential | (1) Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid
(2) Cricothyroid and sternohyoid
(3) SCM | RMS | (i) No significant reductions in RMS after injection
(ii) No significant effects of after vocal tasks
(iii) The largest changes associated with the electrode position 1 |
|
| Stepp et al. 2011 [33] | Case-control | 10 normal and
18 patients with
vocal nodules (10 singers and 8 nonsingers) | Phonation,
reading, and
spontaneous speech | Double-differential | (1) Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid
(2) Cricothyroid and sternohyoid
(3) SCM | RMS | (i) No significant difference between groups
(ii) Significant effect of vocal tasks
(iii) Useful for assessing inappropriate phonatory behaviors in nodules |
|
| Stepp et al. 2011 [19] | Pretest-posttest | 16 patients with vocal hyperfunction
(before and after one session voice therapy) | Phonation,
reading, and
spontaneous speech | Double-differential | (1) Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid
(2) Cricothyroid and sternohyoid
(3) SCM | RMS | (i) No reliably changes over one session voice therapy
(ii) Stronger relationship in suprahyoids in a smaller set of patients with vocal nodules |
|
| Van Houtte et al. 2013 [34] | Case-control | 44 normal and
18 patients with MTD | At rest,
phonation, and
reading | Bipolar | (1) Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and digastric
(2) Sternohyoid and omohyoid
(3) SCM | RMS | (i) Not able to discriminate between MTD and normal subjects
(ii) Type of electrodes, nature of primary MTD, and emotional state of the subjects as important factors |
|
| Stepp et al. 2010 [35] | Case-control | 18 normal and 18 patients with vocal nodules | Reading,
spontaneous speech | Double-differential | (1) Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid
(2) Cricothyroid and sternohyoid (contralateral) | NIBcoh | Significant decrease in NIBcoh in patients compared to healthy speakers |
|
| Stepp et al. 2011 [40] | Repeated measures | 10 normal | Reading,
spontaneous speech | Double-differential | (1) Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid
(2) Cricothyroid and sternohyoid (contralateral) | NIBcoh | Significant reduction of NIBcoh during mimicking hyperfunctional voice |
|
