Numerical Simulation of Failure Behavior of Granular Debris Flows Based on Flume Model Tests

Table 2

Failure description of the sand slopes.

Test	Content of fine particles (%)	Failure mode	Description of failure
M	0	Retrogressive toe sliding	Crack develops at crest and starts to slide
C-10	10	Retrogressive toe sliding	Crack develops at crest and starts to slide
C-20	20	Combined	Crack develops at crest and slide takes near circular shape
C-30	30	Combined	Crack develops at crest and slide takes near circular shape
C-40	40	Fluidized flow	Surface settlement observed and sand slides rapidly
C-50	50	Fluidized flow	Surface settlement observed and sand slides rapidly
F	100	Fluidized flow	Surface settlement observed and fails to exhibit fluidized flow