Muscle Wasting in Hemodialysis Patients: New Therapeutic Strategies for Resolving an Old Problem

Figure 1

Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of muscle wasting in hemodialysis patients. UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.