Evaluation of Combination Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Willd. and Antibiotics against Clinically Important Bacteria
Table 1
Antibacterial effects of ethanolic extract of Z. mucronata alone, antibiotics alone, and their combinations.
(a)
Zones of inhibition (±1.0 mm) produced by the extract, antibiotics, and their combinations in vitro
ZME
Chl
ZME + Chl
Amx
ZME + Amx
5
10
20
62.5
125
250
5 + 62.6
10 + 125
20 + 250
62.5
125
250
5 + 62.5
10 + 125
20 + 250
(mg/mL)
(µg/mL)
(mg/mL + µg/mL)
(µg/mL)
(mg/mL + µg/mL)
A
17
18
20
23
27
30
20
25
28
20
23
26
0
14
17
B
17
18
20
20
25
30
22
26
29
14
16
21
0
13
16
C
17
18
20
23
27
30
23
25
27
16
19
21
0
13
16
D
15
16
18
21
27
30
23
25
29
15
18
20
13
15
18
E
14
15
17
22
25
29
22
26
28
30
32
34
28
31
34
F
16
17
19
22
26
30
20
26
29
0
15
18
13
16
18
G
16
17
18
22
27
31
19
22
25
13
16
18
0
12
16
H
15
17
19
23
25
27
20
23
26
28
30
32
28
30
33
I
14
15
18
0
0
15
13
15
17
30
34
37
28
31
34
J
15
17
18
23
25
27
0
15
17
30
33
35
27
31
33
K
15
16
18
20
24
27
23
25
28
27
31
35
25
28
30
L
23
25
27
33
37
40
38
40
42
31
36
42
29
33
35
(b)
Zones of inhibition (±1.0 mm) produced by the extract, antibiotics, and their combinations in vitro
ZME
Tet
ZME + Tet
Cip
ZME + Cip
5
10
20
62.5
125
250
5 + 62.6
10 + 125
20 + 250
1.25
2.5
5
5 + 1.25
10 + 2.5
20 + 5
(mg/mL)
(µg/mL)
(mg/mL + µg/mL)
(µg/mL)
(mg/mL + µg/mL)
A
17
18
20
0
15
18
0
15
17
27
30
35
20
22
25
B
17
18
20
0
0
14
0
15
16
18
21
24
18
20
22
C
17
18
20
0
0
15
13
15
17
13
15
19
21
24
26
D
15
16
18
0
13
16
0
14
16
19
20
22
18
22
25
E
14
15
17
25
28
32
20
22
25
23
26
32
15
17
20
F
16
17
19
0
0
15
13
15
17
13
15
17
20
23
27
G
16
17
18
0
15
17
13
15
19
18
21
24
20
23
25
H
15
17
19
25
27
30
22
25
27
17
20
23
26
29
31
I
14
15
18
0
13
16
0
15
17
17
21
24
15
18
22
J
15
17
18
25
27
30
15
18
20
13
15
17
16
19
23
K
15
16
18
25
28
31
20
23
25
25
27
30
15
16
20
L
23
25
27
29
32
36
30
33
36
30
35
39
33
37
41
(c)
Zones of inhibition produced by the extract, antibiotics, and their combinations in vitro
ZME
Nal
ZME + Nal
Kan
ZME + Kan
5
10
20
62.5
125
250
5 + 62.6
10 + 125
20 + 250
62.5
125
250
5 + 62.5
10 + 125
20 + 250
(mg/mL)
(µg/mL)
(mg/mL + µg/mL)
(µg/mL)
(mg/mL + µg/mL)
A
17
18
20
21
26
29
15
16
18
26
29
32
24
26
29
B
17
18
20
21
25
29
13
15
17
24
25
28
23
24
28
C
17
18
20
19
22
26
15
17
20
25
27
29
23
25
28
D
15
16
18
20
23
25
13
15
17
24
27
30
24
26
28
E
14
15
17
16
20
25
23
24
26
19
21
23
17
19
22
F
16
17
19
18
21
25
14
16
17
25
26
28
22
24
27
G
16
17
18
20
22
26
14
16
18
25
26
30
23
25
28
H
15
17
19
17
20
23
20
21
25
20
23
25
18
20
23
I
14
15
18
17
21
25
13
16
18
21
24
27
21
23
25
J
15
17
18
15
17
20
25
28
30
19
20
23
13
15
19
K
15
16
18
23
26
27
21
24
26
22
24
25
0
14
17
L
23
25
27
22
24
28
25
28
34
30
32
36
32
25
38
Key: A: E. coli ATCC 8739; B: B. cereus ATCC 10702; C: B. subtilis KZN; D: P. aeruginosa ATCC 19582; E: S. marcescens ATCC 9986; F: A. calcoaceticus anitratus UP; G: K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031; H: P. vulgaris ATCC 6830; I: E. faecalis ATCC 29212; J: S. aureus OK2a; K: S. aureus OK2b; L: S. flexneri KZN.