Large Scale Near-Duplicate Celebrity Web Images Retrieval Using Visual and Textual Features

Table 3

The Image alterations related to each category of near-duplicates.

Near-duplicate category	Alterations
Major duplicate	Typical image alterations include adding logos or inserting texts, changes of pixel color vectors, color space, file format, or pixel luminance intensities, and some geometric transforms such as scaling, mirroring, and rotation.
Partial duplicate	Alterations undergone commonly include cropping, pasting an image to overlay a part of another, zooming, and adding border,
Scene-object duplicates	Sharing the same scene or undergone object-class variability. Variations between near duplicate images of this category are often caused by alterations such as viewpoint changes, partial occlusion, and differences in (intrinsic/extrinsic) camera parameters.