A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Table 12

Characterization of malicious update attacks on length of data values.

𝑙𝑗	𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑗	𝑓𝑙𝑗	𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑗^′	𝑓𝑙𝑗^′	Δ𝑓𝑙𝑗	Δℱ𝑙𝑗	Characteristic
1	5.74	325894	6.31	358142	+32248	+9.90%	↑Low to High
2	20.19	1146469	27.57	1565462	+418993	+36.55%	↑Low to High
3	48.66	2762791	34.27	1945657	−817134	−29.58%	↓High to Low
4	25.41	1442906	31.86	1808799	+365893	+25.36%	↑Low to High