Differentiating between Underwater Construction Noise of Monopile and Jacket Foundations for Offshore Windmills: A Case Study from the Belgian Part of the North Sea

Table 4

Characterization of the monopile and jacket piling activities. Normalized maximum sound exposure level (norm. max. SEL @ 750 m).

Foundation type	Monopile (3 MW)	Jacket (6 MW)
Average no. of blow/foundation	3010	9476
Average no. of blow/MW installed	1021	1612
Average energy (MJ)/blow	0.7	0.4
Average energy (MJ)/foundation	2123	3909
Average energy (MJ)/MW installed	721	665
Norm. max. SEL @750 m (dB re 1 μPa²s)	166	178
Average duration of piling (min)/foundation	120	319
Average duration of piling (min)/MW installed	41	55
Average piling frequency (blow/min)	25	30