Emergy Analysis and Sustainability Efficiency Analysis of Different Crop-Based Biodiesel in Life Cycle Perspective

Table 6

Emergy analysis table for palm-based biodiesel.

Stage	Type	Item	Data	Reference	Transformity (sej/unit)	Reference	Solar emergy (sej)
Plantation and reap	R	Sunlight (J)	0.13𝐸+13	Calculated	1.00𝐸+00	[5]	0.13𝐸+13
		Rain geopotential (J)	0.15𝐸+09	Calculated	4.70𝐸+04	[5]	0.71𝐸+13
		Rain chemical potential (J)	0.15𝐸+10	Calculated	3.05𝐸+04	[5]	0.46𝐸+14
		Wind (J)	0.25𝐸+10	Calculated	1.50𝐸+03	[6]	0.38𝐸+13
	N	Topsoil loss	0.33𝐸+09	Calculated	7.40𝐸+04	[5]	2.44𝐸+13
	F	Nitrogen (kg)	39.03	Statistics	2.40𝐸+13	[5]	9.37𝐸+14
		Phosphate (kg)	8.71	Statistics	2.02𝐸+13	[5]	1.76𝐸+14
		Potash (kg)	150.32	Statistics	1.74𝐸+12	[5]	2.62𝐸+14
		Biocide Paraquat (kg)	0.26	Statistics	1.48𝐸+13	[5]	0.32𝐸+13
		Diesel (J)	6.44𝐸+08	Statistics	1.11𝐸+05	[5]	7.15𝐸+13
		Human labor (h)	200	Estimated	1.1𝐸+12	[5]	2.2𝐸+14
		Palm management fee ($)	225.56	Estimated	1.18𝐸+13	[8]	2.66𝐸+15
Palm oil production	F	Crude oil (J)	9.13𝐸+08	Estimated	5.4𝐸+04	[10]	4.93𝐸+13
		Electricity (J)	2.69𝐸+08	Statistics	3.36𝐸+05	[8]	9.06𝐸+13
Biodiesel production	F	MeOH (kg)	180	Statistics	1.76𝐸+12	[8]	3.17𝐸+14
		NaOH (kg)	5.86	Statistics	6.38𝐸+12	[8]	3.74𝐸+13
		H2O (kg)	1500	Estimated	4.65𝐸+08	[6]	6.98𝐸+11
		H3PO4 (kg)	0.96	Estimated	2.65𝐸+12	[9]	0.28𝐸+13
		Electricity (J)	1.14𝐸+08	Statistics	3.36𝐸+05	[8]	3.82𝐸+13
		Human labor (h)	800	Estimated	1.1𝐸+12	[5]	8.8𝐸+14