Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Bovines: Current Status and Future Directions

Table 2

Progesterone levels in different sample types in bovine species.

Bovine species	Sample type	Day after insemination	P4 conc. (ng/mL)		Reference
			Pregnant (ng/mL)	Nonpregnant (ng/mL)
Cow	Milk	(i) 0 or 1,; (ii) 9 or 10,; (iii) 21 or 22,; (iv) 27 or 28	1.5,; 11.1,; 12.0,; 12.5	1.2,; 10.3,; 3.0,; 6.8	Zaied et al., 1979 [23]
Cow	Milk	18	>8	—	Simersky et al., 2007 [24]
Buffalo	Milk, plasma	21–35 each	16.01 and 3.61, respectively	0.41–2.67	Kamboj and Prakash, 1993 [25]
Buffalo	Plasma	0, 13	0.1 and 3.6, respectively	0.6 (18th day of cycle)	Batra et al., 1979 [26]
Buffalo	Plasma	21 or 22	1.0	<0.7	Perera et al., 1980 [27]
Cow	Milk	20	>11	<8	Pennington et al., 1985 [28]
Buffalo	Milk	18–22	24.83	2.89	Singh and Puthiyandy, 1980 [29]
Cow	Faeces	18–24	>50 as compared to nonpregnant	—	Isobe et al., 2005 [30]