Towards the Novel Reasoning among Particles in PSO by the Use of RDF and SPARQL

Table 2

Properties of benchmark functions.

𝑓	𝑓^∗	𝑥^∗	Bounds	Characteristics
𝑓1	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−600,600]	Highly multi-modal
𝑓2	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−15,15]	Highly multi-modal
𝑓3	0.0000	(1,1,…,1)	[−15,15]	Multiple local optima
𝑓4	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−32.768,32.768]	Highly multi-modal
𝑓5	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−500,500]	Highly multi-modal
𝑓6	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−600,600]	Uni-modal, convex
𝑓7	−1.0000	(𝜋,𝜋,…,𝜋)	[−2𝜋,2𝜋]	Multiple local optima
𝑓8	−1.8013^1	(2.20319,1.57049)^1	[0,𝜋]	Multiple local optima
𝑓9	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−2𝜋,2𝜋]	Multiple local optima
𝑓10	0.0000	(0,0,…,0)	[−5,10]	Uni-modal

1These values are valid for dimensions 𝐷=2.