Two-Stage Conversion of High Free Fatty Acid Jatropha curcas Oil to Biodiesel Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid and KOH as Catalysts
Figure 2
(a) Effect of the loading of [BSMIM]Cl on FFA conversion. Reaction conditions: n(methanol) : n(JCO) = 12 : 1; 70°C; 6 h. (b) Effect of molar ratio of methanol to JCO on FFA conversion. Reaction conditions: n(JCO) : n([BSMIM]Cl) : = 1 : 0.32; 70°C; 6 h. (c) Effect of the reaction temperature on FFA conversion. Reaction conditions: n(methanol) : n(JCO) : n([BSMIM]Cl) = 12 : 1: 0.32; 6 h. (d) Effect of the reaction time on FFA conversion. Reaction conditions: n(methanol) : n(JCO) : n([BSMIM]Cl) = 12 : 1 : 0.32; 70°C.
