Methods, Diagnostic Criteria, Cutoff Points, and Prevalence of Sarcopenia among Older People

Table 1

Diagnostic criteria and prevalence of sarcopenia according to gender estimated by Dual-X-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) method ().

	Authors, y	Country	Study design ()	Age (y)	Diagnostic criteria				Prevalence (%)
					Index^∗	Description and reference; population	Cutoff points
							Male; (kg/m^2)	Female; (kg/m^2)	Male; (%)	Female; (%)
1	Baumgartner et al. 1998 [4]	USA	Cross-sectional; Population-based study; (808)	>60	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	7.26	5.45	28.5	33.9
2	Melton III et al. 2000 [16]	USA	Cross-sectional; Population-based study; (300); (community-dwelling)	≥60	TSMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rochester (20–50 y)	6.77	4.51	11.3	7.3
					AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	7.26	5.45	5.3	4.6
3	Tankó et al. 2002 [17]	Denmark	Cross-sectional; (754 healthy women)	>60	AMMI	−2 SD below the normal sex-specific means for; young persons of Danish population (19–39 y)	—	5.40	—	12.3
4	Iannuzzi-Sucich et al. 2002 [18]	USA	Cross-sectional; Community-dwelling; (337)	≥65	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	7.26	5.45	26.8	22.6
					TSMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rochester (18–40 y)	6.77	4.51	11.3	1.5
5	Kenny et al. 2003 [19]	USA	Cross-sectional; Women users ERT; (189)	>59	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	—	5.45	—	23.8
6	Gillette-Guyonnet et al. 2003 [20]	France	Cohort; EPIDOS; (1.321 women)	75–80	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	—	5.45	—	8.9
7	Visser et al. 2003 [21]	Amsterdam	Cohort; LASA; (1.008)	55–85	MMA	Lowest sex-specific 15th percentile of the; cohort (loss muscle mass greater than 3%)	—	—	15.7
8	Newman et al. 2003 [12]	USA	Cohort; (2.984); Health ABC Study	70–79	AMMI	<20th percentile sex-specific distribution	7.23	5.67	14.1	12.4
					AMMI^R	<20th percentile sex-specific residuals; distribution adjusted for fat mass and height	−2.29^†	−1.73^†	20.0	24.0
9	Lau et al. 2005 [22]	China	Cross-sectional; (527); Community-dwelling	>70	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese; young adults (20–40 y)	<5.72	<4.82	12.3	7.2
					TSMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese; young adults (20–40 y)	9.9	8.5	23.4	36.7
10	Delmonico et al. 2007 [23]	USA	Cohort; (2.976); Health ABC Study	70–79	AMMI	<20th percentile sex-specific distribution	7.25	5.67	20.3	20.2
					AMMI^R	<20th percentile sex-specific residuals; distribution adjusted for fat mass and height	—	—	20.2	20.3
11	Lee et al. 2008 [24]	China	Cross-sectional; (4.000); Community-dwelling	≥65	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese; young adults (20–40 y)	7.19	6.05	7.1	6.1
12	Kim et al. 2010 [25]	Korea	KSOS; (526); Community-dwelling	≥60	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean; young adults (20–39 y)	6.58	4.59	6.3	4.1
13	Woo et al. 2009 [26]	China	Cohort; (3.153); Community-dwelling	≥65	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese; young adults (20–40 y)	<7.4	<6.4	2.2	2.6
14	Rolland et al. 2009 [27]	France	Cohort/ EPIDOS; (1.308); Community-dwelling women	≥75	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young; adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	—	5.45	—	6.8
15	Sanada et al. 2010 [28]	Japan	Cross-sectional; 1488; Community-dwelling	70–85	AMMI	Class 1: −1 to 2 SD below gender-specific; mean of Japanese young adults (18–40 y)	7.77	6.12	6.7	6.3
						Class 2: −2 SD below gender-specific mean; of Japanese young adults (18–40 y)	6.87	5.46	56.7	33.6
16	Wen et al. 2011 [29]	China	Cross-sectional; (72); Community-dwelling	60–69	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese; young adults (20–40 y)	<5.85	<4.23	0.0	0.0
					AMMI^R	<20th percentile sex-specific residuals; distribution adjusted for fat mass and height			33.3	25.6
17	Kim et al. 2012^∗ [30]	Korea	Cross-sectional; KNHANES IV (2008-2009); 2.332	≥65	AMMI	Class 1: −1 to 2 SD below gender-specific; mean of Korean young adults (20–39 y)	7.50	5.38	30.8	10.2
						Class 2: −2 SD below gender-specific mean; of Korean young adults (20–39 y)	6.58	4.59	12.4	0.1
					AMMI^R	Class 1: −1 to 2 SD below gender-specific mean; of Korean young adults (20–39 y)	32.2%	25.6%	29.5	30.3
						Class 2: −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean young; adults (20–39 y)	29.1%	23.0%	9.7	11.8
18	Domiciano et al. 2013 [31]	Brazil	Cross-sectional; (611 women community-dwelling)	≥65	AMMI	−2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y)	—	5.5	—	3.7
					AMMI^R	<20th percentile sex-specific residuals; distribution adjusted for fat mass and height	—	−1.45^†	—	19.9

AMMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height²).
TSMI: total skeletal muscle mass index (total skeletal muscle mass/height²).
AMMI^R = appendicular skeletal muscle mass index: regression among appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Height and body fat (residuals method).
^†Residuals method.
EPIDOS: Epidemiologie de l’Osteoporose Study.
LASA: longitudinal aging study Amsterdam.
Health ABC Study: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study.
KSOS: Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study.
KNHANES IV: Fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys.