Authors, y Country Study design ( ) Age (y) Diagnostic criteria Prevalence (%) Index∗
Description and reference population Cutoff points Male (kg/m2 ) Female (kg/m2 ) Male (%) Female (%)
1 Baumgartner et al. 1998 [4 ] USA Cross-sectional Population-based study (808) >60 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) 7.26 5.45 28.5 33.9
2
Melton III et al. 2000 [16 ] USA Cross-sectional Population-based study (300) (community-dwelling) ≥60 TSMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rochester (20–50 y) 6.77 4.51 11.3 7.3 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) 7.26 5.45 5.3 4.6 3
Tankó et al. 2002 [17 ] Denmark Cross-sectional (754 healthy women) >60 AMMI −2 SD below the normal sex-specific means for young persons of Danish population (19–39 y) — 5.40 — 12.3
4
Iannuzzi-Sucich et al. 2002 [18 ] USA Cross-sectional Community-dwelling (337) ≥65 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) 7.26 5.45 26.8 22.6 TSMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rochester (18–40 y) 6.77 4.51 11.3 1.5
5
Kenny et al. 2003 [19 ] USA Cross-sectional Women users ERT (189) >59 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) — 5.45 — 23.8 6
Gillette-Guyonnet et al. 2003 [20 ] France Cohort EPIDOS (1.321 women) 75–80 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) — 5.45 — 8.9 7 Visser et al. 2003 [21 ] Amsterdam Cohort LASA (1.008) 55–85 MMA Lowest sex-specific 15th percentile of the cohort (loss muscle mass greater than 3%) — — 15.7 8
Newman et al. 2003 [12 ] USA Cohort (2.984) Health ABC Study 70–79 AMMI <20th percentile sex-specific distribution 7.23 5.67 14.1 12.4 AMMIR <20th percentile sex-specific residuals distribution adjusted for fat mass and height −2.29† −1.73† 20.0 24.0 9
Lau et al. 2005 [22 ] China Cross-sectional (527) Community-dwelling >70 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese young adults (20–40 y) <5.72 <4.82 12.3 7.2 TSMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese young adults (20–40 y) 9.9 8.5 23.4 36.7 10
Delmonico et al. 2007 [23 ] USA Cohort (2.976) Health ABC Study 70–79 AMMI <20th percentile sex-specific distribution 7.25 5.67 20.3 20.2 AMMIR <20th percentile sex-specific residuals distribution adjusted for fat mass and height — — 20.2 20.3 11 Lee et al. 2008 [24 ] China Cross-sectional (4.000) Community-dwelling ≥65 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese young adults (20–40 y) 7.19 6.05 7.1 6.1 12 Kim et al. 2010 [25 ] Korea KSOS (526) Community-dwelling ≥60 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean young adults (20–39 y) 6.58 4.59 6.3 4.1 13 Woo et al. 2009 [26 ] China Cohort (3.153) Community-dwelling ≥65 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese young adults (20–40 y) <7.4 <6.4 2.2 2.6 14
Rolland et al. 2009 [27 ] France Cohort/ EPIDOS (1.308) Community-dwelling women ≥75 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) — 5.45 — 6.8 15
Sanada et al. 2010 [28 ] Japan Cross-sectional 1488 Community-dwelling 70–85 AMMI Class 1: −1 to 2 SD below gender-specific mean of Japanese young adults (18–40 y) 7.77 6.12 6.7 6.3 Class 2: −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Japanese young adults (18–40 y) 6.87 5.46 56.7 33.6 16
Wen et al. 2011 [29 ] China Cross-sectional (72) Community-dwelling 60–69 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Chinese young adults (20–40 y) <5.85 <4.23 0.0 0.0 AMMIR <20th percentile sex-specific residuals distribution adjusted for fat mass and height 33.3 25.6
17
Kim et al. 2012∗ [30 ]
Korea
Cross-sectional KNHANES IV (2008-2009) 2.332 ≥65
AMMI Class 1: −1 to 2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean young adults (20–39 y) 7.50 5.38 30.8 10.2 Class 2: −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean young adults (20–39 y) 6.58 4.59 12.4 0.1 AMMIR Class 1: −1 to 2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean young adults (20–39 y) 32.2% 25.6% 29.5 30.3 Class 2: −2 SD below gender-specific mean of Korean young adults (20–39 y) 29.1% 23.0% 9.7 11.8
18
Domiciano et al. 2013 [31 ] Brazil Cross-sectional (611 women community-dwelling) ≥65 AMMI −2 SD below gender-specific mean of young adults from Rosseta study (18–40 y) — 5.5 — 3.7 AMMIR <20th percentile sex-specific residuals distribution adjusted for fat mass and height — −1.45† — 19.9