The Influences of Canopy Species and Topographic Variables on Understory Species Diversity and Composition in Coniferous Forests

Table 4

Marginal and conditional effects of each environmental variable obtained from the forward selection in the CCA ordination.

Variables	Marginal effect	Conditional effect	𝐹	𝑃
	𝜆1	𝜆𝐴
Elevation	0.36	0.36	3.37	0.002**
Aspect	0.29	0.28	2.77	0.002**
Slope position	0.16	0.10	1.09	0.370
Slope	0.17	0.10	1.03	0.404
SOIL	0.19	0.09	0.95	0.534
Canopy cover	0.20	0.08	0.75	0.726
Basal area	0.18	0.16	1.66	0.058
Tree density	0.25	0.14	1.53	0.056

^∗∗𝑃<0.01.