Geochemical Modeling of Trivalent Chromium Migration in Saline-Sodic Soil during Lasagna Process: Impact on Soil Physicochemical Properties

Table 1

Applications of Lasagna process at bench-scales from inception to date.

Treatment zone material	Contaminant	Soil type	Cell dimensions; (length × width × depth)	Polarity reversal/; downtime	Removal efficiency, %	Voltage gradient, (V/cm)/ current (mA)	Power consumption, kWhr/m^3	Run time, days	Electroosmotic conductivity, cm^2 V^−1 s^−1 (×10^−5)	Treatment zone spacing, cm	Reference
AC* + sand, bacteria + AC + sawdust	p-nitrophenol	Kaolinite	10 cm ID, 21.6 cm long	Yes/; continuous	90–99	1–7/3 (constant)	10	20	2.5	6	[14, 20]
AC (Bamboo charcoal)	Cd	Sandy loam	24 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm	Yes/; continuous	79.6	1/7–27	—	12	—	10	[21]
AC (Bamboo charcoal)	Cd	Kaolin	24 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm	No/; continuous	93	1/3–23	—	8	—	10	[22]
AC (Bamboo charcoal)	2,4-dichlorophenol and Cd	Sandy loam	24 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm	Yes/; continuous	75.97 (Cd); 54.92 (2,4-dichlorophenol)	1/Variable	121.91–128.48	10.5	—	16	[23]
GAC**	Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, phenol, kerosene	Saline-sodic clay	24 cm × 10 cm × 12 cm	No/; continuous	75.9 (Cr); 34.4 (Cd); 41 (Cu); 55.8 (Pb); 92.49 (Hg); 26.8 (Zn); 100 (phenol); 49.8 (kerosene)	0.6–1/880	1777–4273	21	425	6	[24]

∗Activated carbon; **Granular activated carbon.