[Retracted] An Improved Ant Colony Optimization Approach for Optimization of Process Planning

Table 1

Operation selection for the example part.

Feathers	Operations	Machines	Tools	TADs	Description
F1	Drilling (OP1)	M1	T1	−𝑌	M1: Vertical milling center
		M2	T1		M2: Drill press
F2	Milling (OP2)	M1	T2	+𝑍	T1: Drill
F3	Milling (OP3)	M1	T4	−𝑍	T2: End mill
			T5	−𝑍	T3 Drill
			T4	+𝑌	T4: Chamfer cutter
			T5	+𝑌	T5: Ball-nose cutter
F4	Drilling (OP4)	M1	T3	−𝑍	T6: T-slot cutter
		M2
F5	Milling (OP5)	M1	T2	+𝑍
			T6	+𝑌