Technology Efficacy in Active Prosthetic Knees for Transfemoral Amputees: A Quantitative Evaluation

Table 6

Detailed average calculations for different knee parameters versus various sensors.

Sensor (S)	Knee angle				Knee torque			Knee power
	𝜃max.stance	𝜃min.stance	𝜃max.swing	𝜃min.swing	𝑇max.stanceflex.	𝑇min.stanceext.	𝑇Area	𝑃max.propulsion	𝑃max.swing
S1p			(0.93𝜃^𝑛) [31],
	(0.9𝜃^𝑛) [31],; (0.35𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (0.9𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (0.9𝜃^𝑛) [42],; (0.35𝜃^𝑛) [37]	(4𝜃^𝑛) [31],; (0.5𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (3.5𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (1.5𝜃^𝑛) [42]	(0.98𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (1.13𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (1.15𝜃^𝑛) [41],; (1.13𝜃^𝑛) [42],; (𝜃^𝑛) [36],; (0.9𝜃^𝑛) [37]	(2𝜃^𝑛) [31],; (4𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (6𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (2𝜃^𝑛) [42],; (2𝜃^𝑛) [37]	(2.5𝑇^𝑛) [34],; (1.75𝑇^𝑛) [35],; (8.75𝑇^𝑛) [42],; (17.75𝑇^𝑛) [36]	(1.4𝑇^𝑛) [34],; (0.35𝑇^𝑛) [35],; (1.8𝑇^𝑛) [42],; (1.02𝑇^𝑛) [36]	(0.12𝑇^𝑛) [34],; (1.15𝑇^𝑛) [35],; (1.95𝑇^𝑛) [42],; (0.51𝑇^𝑛) [36]	(1.1𝑃^𝑛) [34],; (1.02𝑃^𝑛) [35],; (2.1𝑃^𝑛) [36]	(0.13𝑃^𝑛) [34],; (0.23𝑃^𝑛) [35],; (0.23𝑃^𝑛) [36]
Average	0.68𝜃^𝑛	2.38𝜃^𝑛	1.03𝜃^𝑛	3.2𝜃^𝑛	7.69𝑇^𝑛	1.14𝑇^𝑛	0.93𝑇^𝑛	1.41𝑃^𝑛	0.2𝑃^𝑛
S2f	(0.5𝜃^𝑛) [5]	(0.5𝜃^𝑛) [5]	(0.95𝜃^𝑛) [5],; (𝜃^𝑛) [30]	(0.95𝜃^𝑛) [5]	(5𝑇^𝑛) [5]	(0.75𝑇^𝑛) [5]	(0.2𝑇^𝑛) [5]	(0.44𝑃^𝑛) [5]	(0.12𝑃^𝑛) [5]
Average	0.5𝜃^𝑛	0.5𝜃^𝑛	0.98𝜃^𝑛	0.95𝜃^𝑛	5𝑇^𝑛	0.75𝑇^𝑛	0.2𝑇^𝑛	0.44𝑃^𝑛	0.12𝑃^𝑛
S2s	(0.35𝜃^𝑛) [37]		(0.9𝜃^𝑛) [37]	(2𝜃^𝑛) [37]	NV	NV	NV	NV	NV
S3	(0.35𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (0.9𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (0.9𝜃^𝑛) [42]	(0.5𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (3.5𝜃^𝑛) [35], (1.5𝜃^𝑛) [42]	(0.98𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (1.13𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (1.135𝜃^𝑛) [42]	(6𝜃^𝑛) [34],; (6𝜃^𝑛) [35],; (2𝜃^𝑛) [42]	(2.5𝑇^𝑛) [34],; (1.75𝑇^𝑛) [35],; (8.75𝑇^𝑛) [42]	(1.4𝑇^𝑛) [34],; (0.35𝑇^𝑛) [35],; (1.8𝑇^𝑛) [42]	(0.12𝑇^𝑛) [34],; (1.15𝑇^𝑛) [35],; (1.95𝑇^𝑛) [42]	(1.1𝑃^𝑛) [34],; (1.02𝑃^𝑛) [35]	(0.135𝑃^𝑛) [34],; (0.23𝑃^𝑛) [35]
Average	0.72𝜃^𝑛	1.83𝜃^𝑛	1.08𝜃^𝑛	4.67𝜃^𝑛	4.33𝑇^𝑛	1.18𝑇^𝑛	1.07𝑇^𝑛	1.06𝑃^𝑛	0.18𝑃^𝑛
S4	(0.5𝜃^𝑛) [5],	(0.5𝜃^𝑛) [5],	(0.95𝜃^𝑛) [5],; (𝜃^𝑛) [36],; (1.15𝜃^𝑛) [41]	(0.95𝜃^𝑛) [5]	(5𝑇^𝑛) [5],; (17.75𝑇^𝑛) [36]	(0.75𝑇^𝑛) [5],; (1.02𝑇^𝑛) [36]	(0.1𝑇^𝑛) [5],; (0.51𝑇^𝑛) [36]	(0.44𝑃^𝑛) [5],; (2.1𝑃^𝑛) [36]	(0.12𝑃^𝑛) [5],; (0.23𝑃^𝑛) [36]
Average	0.5𝜃^𝑛	0.5𝜃^𝑛	1.03𝜃^𝑛	0.95𝜃^𝑛	11.38𝑇^𝑛	0.89𝑇^𝑛	0.31𝑇^𝑛	1.27𝑃^𝑛	0.18𝑃^𝑛

S1p: angle sensor, S2f: FSR (force sensitive resistive), S2s: strain gauge, S3: moment sensor or torque sensor, S4: position sensor, and NV: no value reported from study.