Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Findings Determine Research Priorities

Table 4

Ultimate and proximate analyses of different biomasses (wt%).

Ultimate analysis (wt% on dry basis)						Proximate analysis
Sample	C	O	H	N	S	VM	M	FC	A
Wood and woody biomass
Pine	54.5	38.7	5.9	0.5	0.42	46.1	37.8	12.9	3.2
Eucalyptus bark	48.7	45.3	5.7	0.3	0.05	68.7	12	15.1	4.2
Forest residue	52.7	41.1	5.4	0.7	0.10	34.5	56.8	7.3	1.4
Land clearing wood	50.7	42.8	6	0.4	0.07	35.4	49.2	7	8.4
Olive wood	49	44.9	5.4	0.7	0.03	74.3	6.6	16.1	3
Pine chips	52.8	40.5	6.1	0.5	0.09	66.9	7.6	20	5.5
Pine sawdust	51	42.9	6	0.1	0.01	70.4	15.3	14.2	0.1
Poplar	51.6	41.7	6.1	0.6	0.02	79.7	6.8	11.5	2
Mixed sawdust	49.8	43.7	6	0.5	0.02	55.1	34.9	9.3	0.7
Spruce wood	52.3	41.2	6.1	0.3	0.10	75.7	6.7	17.1	0.5
Willow	49.8	43.4	6.1	0.6	0.06	74.2	10.1	14.3	1.4
Herbaceous and agriculture biomass
Bamboo	52	42.5	5.1	0.4	0.04	71	13	15.2	0.8
Miscanthus grass	49.2	44.2	6	0.4	0.15	71.9	11.4	14	2.7
Sweet sorghum	49.7	43.7	6.1	0.4	0.09	71.8	7	16.8	4.4
Switchgrass	49.7	43.4	6.1	0.7	0.11	70.8	11.9	12.8	4.5
Corn straw	48.7	44.1	6.4	0.7	0.08	67.4	7.4	17.8	7.1
Rice straw	50.1	43	5.7	1	0.16	59.4	7.6	14.4	18.6
Wheat straw	49.4	43.6	6.1	0.7	0.17	67.2	10.1	16.3	6.4
Coconut shell	51.1	43.1	5.6	0.1	0.1	70.5	4.4	22	3.1
Cotton husks	50.4	39.8	8.4	1.4	0.01	73	6.9	16.9	3.2
Corn stover	42.5	42.6	5	0.8	NA	78.1	10.6	17.6	3.7
Groundnut shell	50.9	40.4	7.5	1.2	0.02	68.1	7.9	20.9	3.1
Hazelnut shell	51.5	41.6	5.5	1.4	0.04	71.5	7.2	19.9	1.4
Olive husks	50	42.1	6.2	1.6	0.04	73.7	6.8	17.4	2.1
Rice husks	49.3	43.7	6.1	0.8	0.22	56.1	10.6	17.2	16.1
Soya husks	45.4	46.9	6.7	0.9	0.08	69.6	6.3	19	5.1
Bagasse	49.8	43.9	6	0.2	0.08	76.6	10.4	11.1	1.9
Sunflower husks	50.4	43	5.5	1.1	0.1	69.1	9.1	19	2.8
Tea wastes	48.6	42.2	5.4	3.8		70.3	7.26	18.57	3.88
Other biomass sources
Chicken litter	60.5	25.3	6.8	6.2	1.2	43.3	9.3	13.1	34.3
Agricultural residue	52.4	41.2	6	0.4	0.04	54.7	30.3	12.7	2.3
Mixed waste paper	52.3	40.2	7.2	0.2	0.08	76.8	8.8	6.8	7.6
Refuse-derived fuel	53.8	36.8	7.8	1.1	0.47	70.3	4.2	0.5	25
Sewage sludge	50.9	33.4	7.3	6.1	2.33	45	6.4	5.3	43.3
Wood yard waste	52.2	40.4	6	1.1	0.3	40.9	38.1	8.4	12.6

VM: volatile matter; M: moisture; FC: fixed carbon; A: ash.