Heterogeneous Differential Evolution for Numerical Optimization

Table 3

Comparison of HDE with jDE, NSDE, and DEGL on classical benchmark problems.

Problem	jDE	NSDE	DEGL	sHDE	dHDE
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
𝑓1	4.04𝐸−35	9.55𝐸−35	8.78𝐸−37	6.58𝐸−79	0.00𝐸+00
𝑓2	8.34𝐸−26	8.94𝐸−30	4.95𝐸−36	3.32𝐸−39	4.96𝐸−103
𝑓3	4.76𝐸−14	3.06𝐸−09	1.21𝐸−26	3.10𝐸−21	7.21𝐸−57
𝑓4	3.02𝐸−14	2.09𝐸−11	4.99𝐸−15	1.42𝐸−04	2.49𝐸−40
𝑓5	5.64𝐸−26	2.65𝐸−25	6.89𝐸−25	1.11𝐸−29	1.73𝐸−29
𝑓6	1.67𝐸−36	4.04𝐸−28	9.56𝐸−48	0.00𝐸+00	0.00𝐸+00
𝑓7	3.76𝐸−02	4.35𝐸−03	1.05𝐸−07	8.31𝐸−04	1.84𝐸−03
𝑓8	0.00𝐸+00	2.60𝐸+00	0.00𝐸+00	0.00𝐸+00	8.56𝐸+02
𝑓9	6.74𝐸−24	4.84𝐸−21	5.85𝐸−25	5.22𝐸+01	0.00𝐸+00
𝑓10	7.83𝐸−15	5.97𝐸−10	5.98𝐸−23	4.14𝐸−15	4.14𝐸−15
𝑓11	1.83𝐸−28	7.93𝐸−26	2.99𝐸−36	0.00𝐸+00	0.00𝐸+00
𝑓12	9.37𝐸−24	5.85𝐸−21	7.21𝐸−27	1.88𝐸−32	1.88𝐸−32