Experimental Investigation of a Multicylinder Unmodified Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, and Heat Loss Characteristics Using Different Biodiesel Blends: Rollout of B10 in Malaysia

Table 2

Measured fuel properties of all tested fuel blends.

Properties	B5	P10	P20	C10	C20	Testing equipment	Test method and specification limits
Density at 15°C (kg/m^3)	834.6	838	849.5	839.4	849.1	SVM 3000 (Anton Paar, UK)	ASTM D4052
Calorific value (MJ/kg)	43.4	40.5	40.1	38.2	36.8	C2000 basic calorimeter (IKA, UK)	ASTM D240
Viscosity at 40°C (cSt)	3.809	4.031	4.183	4.570	4.70	SVM 3000 (Anton Paar, UK)	ASTM D445 (1.9–6.0)
Flash point (°C)	80.3	183.5	184	168.1	171.6	Pensky-Martens flash point-automatic NPM 440 (Norma Lab, France)	ASTM D93 (>130°C)