The Effect of Local Injections of Bupivacaine Plus Ketamine, Bupivacaine Alone, and Placebo on Reducing Postoperative Anal Fistula Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Table 1
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Patients with contraindications for spinal anesthesia (refusal, infection at puncture site, and history of coagulation problems, etc.)
Noncomplicated and singular fistula
Patients with a history of daily intake of NSAID
All participating patients were in physical class I and class II
Patients with a history of rectal or anal surgery
Aged 18 years to 60 years
Other concomitant diseases in anal or rectal area
Consent to surgery under spinal anesthesia
Contraindications to use of study drug (allergy to local anesthesia such as a history of methemoglobinemia, erythema, urticaria, allergic dermatitis, hyperpigmentation and purpura after ingestion, mental diseases, asthma, hypertension, congenital and acquired heart diseases, etc.)
Drug addicts or patients with a history of alcohol or drug use
