Biodiesel from Citrullus colocynthis Oil: Sulfonic-Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Esterification of a Two-Step Process

Figure 1

Preparation of CCOME via two-step catalyzed scheme. (a) Esterification of FFA with methanol to form alkyl ester and water; (b) transesterification reaction of TG with methanol to form methyl esters and glycerol. R₁, R₂, and R₃ are alkyl groups.

(a)

(b)