Electronically Tunable Quadrature Oscillator Using Grounded Components with Current and Voltage Outputs

<table>Phase error as a function of oscillation frequency (blue: phase error versus <svg height="15.4" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.637501 15.4" width="24.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.675,15.187)"><path d="M445 282q0 -64 -27.5 -125t-80.5 -104q-80 -65 -168 -65q-73 0 -109.5 46.5t-36.5 116.5q0 92 46.5 163t119.5 104q66 30 108 30q67 0 107.5 -43.5t40.5 -122.5zM355 280q0 62 -26.5 94.5t-64.5 32.5q-26 0 -44 -8q-39 -18 -74 -82t-35 -163q0 -57 25.5 -90.5t70.5 -33.5
q22 0 36 6q46 20 79 89t33 155z" id="x1D45C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,18.244,15.187)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
</svg> and <svg height="15.4" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24.637501 15.4" width="24.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path d="M730 650l-8 -28q-52 -4 -72 -18t-64 -77q-79 -113 -321 -539h-33l-119 541q-13 59 -29.5 73t-66.5 20l7 28h245l-8 -28l-28 -5q-33 -6 -40.5 -15.5t-0.5 -38.5l102 -450h2q191 320 246 430q21 42 15.5 56t-43.5 19l-31 4l7 28h240z" id="x1D449"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.675,15.187)"><path d="M445 282q0 -64 -27.5 -125t-80.5 -104q-80 -65 -168 -65q-73 0 -109.5 46.5t-36.5 116.5q0 92 46.5 163t119.5 104q66 30 108 30q67 0 107.5 -43.5t40.5 -122.5zM355 280q0 62 -26.5 94.5t-64.5 32.5q-26 0 -44 -8q-39 -18 -74 -82t-35 -163q0 -57 25.5 -90.5t70.5 -33.5
q22 0 36 6q46 20 79 89t33 155z" id="x1D45C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,18.244,15.187)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g>
</svg> and red: phase error versus <svg height="15.4" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.450001 15.4" width="19.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path d="M414 650l-6 -28q-63 -4 -78.5 -17.5t-27.5 -71.5l-77 -416q-11 -58 0.5 -71.5t77.5 -17.5l-5 -28h-275l8 28q63 4 79.5 18.5t27.5 70.5l80 416q11 57 -2 71t-81 18l6 28h273z" id="x1D43C"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,7.487,15.187)"><path d="M445 282q0 -64 -27.5 -125t-80.5 -104q-80 -65 -168 -65q-73 0 -109.5 46.5t-36.5 116.5q0 92 46.5 163t119.5 104q66 30 108 30q67 0 107.5 -43.5t40.5 -122.5zM355 280q0 62 -26.5 94.5t-64.5 32.5q-26 0 -44 -8q-39 -18 -74 -82t-35 -163q0 -57 25.5 -90.5t70.5 -33.5
q22 0 36 6q46 20 79 89t33 155z" id="x1D45C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,13.056,15.187)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
</svg> and <svg height="15.4" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-3.2316pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.450001 15.4" width="19.450001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path d="M414 650l-6 -28q-63 -4 -78.5 -17.5t-27.5 -71.5l-77 -416q-11 -58 0.5 -71.5t77.5 -17.5l-5 -28h-275l8 28q63 4 79.5 18.5t27.5 70.5l80 416q11 57 -2 71t-81 18l6 28h273z" id="x1D43C"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,7.487,15.187)"><path d="M445 282q0 -64 -27.5 -125t-80.5 -104q-80 -65 -168 -65q-73 0 -109.5 46.5t-36.5 116.5q0 92 46.5 163t119.5 104q66 30 108 30q67 0 107.5 -43.5t40.5 -122.5zM355 280q0 62 -26.5 94.5t-64.5 32.5q-26 0 -44 -8q-39 -18 -74 -82t-35 -163q0 -57 25.5 -90.5t70.5 -33.5
q22 0 36 6q46 20 79 89t33 155z" id="x1D45C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,13.056,15.187)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g>
</svg>).</table>

The Scientific World Journal

fig13

Figure 13

Figure 13: Electronically Tunable Quadrature Oscillator Using Grounded Components with Current and Voltage Outputs 