Evaluation of the Pseudostatic Analyses of Earth Dams Using FE Simulation and Observed Earthquake-Induced Deformations: Case Studies of Upper San Fernando and Kitayama Dams

Table 1

Examples of destructed dams since 1900 to 1980 [7].

	Number of embankments
Earthquake location	Year	Magnitude	Damages
In USA
San Francisco	1906	8.2	5 dams
Kern County	1952	7.6	3 dams
Fallon	1954	6.7	2 dams
San Fernando	1971	6.6	2 dam
Santa Barbara	1925	6.3	1 dam
El Cantro	1940	6.6	Several dikes
Hebgen Lake	1959	7.6	1 dam
Alaska	1964	8.4	1 dam
In Japan
Kanto	1923	8.2	3 dams
Ojica	1939	6.6	74 dams
Fukui	1948	7.3	1 dam
Kita-Moto	1961	7.0	0
Tokachi-Oki	1963	7.8	93 dams
Izu-Oshima	1978	7.0	1 dam
In China
Bachu	1961	6.8
Longyao	1966	6.8
Ningji and Dongwang	1966	7.2
Bohai Gulf	1969	6.4
Tonghai	1970	7.7	112 dams
Haicheng	1975	7.3
Longlin	1976	7.3
Tengshan	1976	7.8
Songpan	1976	7.2
Liyang	1979	6.0