Research Article
Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis of Thermal Distribution in Arch Dams considering Solar Radiation Effect
Table 2
Estimated value of the surface reflection coefficient.
| Ground condition | |
| Meadows and fields | 0.14 | Leaf and needle frost | 0.17 | Dark, extended mixed frost | 0.045 | Health | 0.1 | Flat ground grass covered | 0.2–0.33 | Flat ground, rock | 0.12–0.15 | Sand | 0.18 | Vegetation early summer, leaves with high water content | 0.19 | Vegetation late summer, leaves with low water content | 0.29 | Fresh snow | 0.83 | Old snow | 0.42–0.70 |
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