Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis of Thermal Distribution in Arch Dams considering Solar Radiation Effect

Table 2

Estimated value of the surface reflection coefficient.

Ground condition	𝜌
Meadows and fields	0.14
Leaf and needle frost	0.17
Dark, extended mixed frost	0.045
Health	0.1
Flat ground grass covered	0.2–0.33
Flat ground, rock	0.12–0.15
Sand	0.18
Vegetation early summer, leaves with high water content	0.19
Vegetation late summer, leaves with low water content	0.29
Fresh snow	0.83
Old snow	0.42–0.70