Organic Solvent Tolerant Lipases and Applications

Table 3

Broader applications of fatty acid esters.

Ester type	Application(s)
Carbohydrates fatty acid esters	Antitumorals [121], cosmetics [122], anticaries properties [123], and insecticidals [124]
Fatty acid esters of hydroxyl acids (lactic acid, citric acid, and alkyl lactates)	Surfactants in food industry [125] and cosmetics [126]
Flavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds, found ubiquitously in fruits and vegetables	Broader application like dietetic, nutritional, pharmacological/cosmetic [127, 128], and antioxidants [129, 130]
Fatty acid esters of sugars/sugar alcohol	Surfactant/emulsifier used in food, detergent, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries [117, 124]
Esters of long-chain acids with long-chain alcohols (12–20 carbon atoms)	Plasticizers and lubricants [39]
Aminoacyl esters of carbohydrates	Sweetening agents, surfactants, microcapsules in pharmaceutical preparations, active nucleoside amino acid esters, antibiotics, and in the delivery of biological active agents [131, 132]
Canola phytosterols oleate	Cholesterol lowering agents [133]
L-Ascorbyl linoleate	Preservative, crumb softening agent, and inhibition of cancer [134]
FAME	Crude palm oil transesterification [135]
Cinnamic acid	Antioxidant activity [136]
Esters of gallic acid	Free radical scavenger showing astringent activity [137]
Esters of ferulic acid	Flavor/fragrance compounds, precursors of pharmaceuticals, and as additives in foods, cosmetics, and sunscreens [114]
Starch esters	Used in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications industries [138]
Hydroxycinnamic acids and their analogues such as 4-hydroxycinnamic (𝑝-coumaric), 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic (caffeic), and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic (sinapic) acids including their medium- or long-chain alkyl esters	Antioxidant capacity, particularly against oxidative attacks by their radical-scavenging activity [139]