An Approach for Economic Analysis of Intermodal Transportation

Table 2

Specific external costs (𝑐_ac, 𝑐_𝑝, 𝑐_𝑛).

Environmental effects	Road	Railway	Seaway
	$/(ton·km)	$/(ton·km)	$/(ton·km)
Accident (𝑐ac)	3.3×10^−3	4×10^−4	6×10^−5
Emission (𝑐𝑝)	4.5×10^−4	1.1×10^−4	3.85×10^−4
Noise (𝑐𝑛)	2.2×10^−4	1.5×10^−4	—