|
| Feedstock | Catalyst | Acidity | Operation condition | Final product | References |
|
| Iron-based catalyst |
| Corn stover | FeCl3 | pH 1.68 | 0.1 M FeCl3,
140°C,
20 min | 91% removal hemicellulose
91% recovery of cellulose | [56] |
| Hemicellulose compounds: xylose and xylotriose | FeCl3 | pH 1.86 | 0.8% of FeCl3, 180°C,
20 min | 65% degrade of xylose,
78% degrade of xylotriose | [57] |
| Corn stover | FeSO4 | N/A | 0.1 mol/L FeSO4,
180°C,
20 min | 60.3% degrade of hemicellulose,
89.8% recovery of cellulose | [58] |
| Cellulose | FeCl3 | N/A | 10% FeCl3, 110°C,
60 min of reaction time, 180 min of ultrasonic time | 22% CNC
Diameter = 20–50 nm,
Length of 200–300 nm, crystallinity index = 76.2% | [59] |
| Cellulose | Zn-Ca-Fe based nanocatalyst | N/A | 160°C,
12 h | 29% of glucose | [60] |
| MCC | Fe3O4@C-SO3H | 1.30 mmol/g | 140°C,
12 h
10 mL of water | 52.1% of glucose | [61] |
| Cellobiose | Fe3O4-SBA-SO3H | 1.09 mmol/g | 120°C,
1 h, | 98% of glucose | [62] |
|
| Heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst |
| Cellulose | HPA | N/A | 180°C,
2 h | 51% of glucose | [63] |
| MCC | CS-HPA | N/A | 160°C,
6 h | 30.1% of total reducing sugar (TRS),
27.2% glucose | [64] |
|
| Cation-exchange resin |
| MCC | Cation-exchange Resin (NKC-9 cation-exchange resin (NKC-9)) | Exchange capacity (mmol/g [H+]) 4.7, pearl size of 0.45–1.25 mm, and true wet density of 1.20–1.30 g/mL | Resin : MCC = 10 : 1,
48°C,
189 min under sonication | Yield of NCC is 50.04% Crystallinity index = 84.26% | [65] |
|
