Research Article
Body Size Mediated Coexistence in Swans
Table 4
Calculation of efficiency indices for tundra and trumpeter swans. The index is defined as the ratio between foraging gains and total energy requirements in one day, including costs of free living and mechanical costs of foraging flights, swimming, and paddling. Intake rate for tundra swans () was derived from Nolet et al. [49] for clayey substrate. Fraction of each day spent foraging (), swimming (), and paddling () is based on observations of foraging swans. Powell and Engelhardt [56] reported for a 5 kilometer foraging flight. Mechanical costs are not adjusted by aerobic efficiency.
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