Family Support and Loneliness among Older Persons in Multiethnic Malaysia

Table 5

Results of ordinal logistic regression for ethnic groups.

Attributes	OR (95% CI)
	Malay	Chinese	Indigenous
	()	()	()
Age group (ref: 60s)
70s	0.84 (0.60–1.17)	1.10 (0.66–1.84)	1.01 (0.66–1.56)
80s+	1.69 (0.92–3.09)	1.53 (0.67–3.52)	1.31 (0.62–2.78)
Male	0.78 (0.55–1.11)	1.25 (0.74–2.11)	0.76 (0.50–1.18)
Married	0.67 (0.49–0.92)	0.31 (0.19–0.51)	0.48 (0.32–0.72)
Urban	0.83 (0.62–1.10)	0.81 (0.47–1.39)	0.78 (0.47–1.29)
Edu level (ref: no schooling)
Primary level	0.70 (0.52–0.94)	1.02 (0.61–1.72)	0.86 (0.48–1.53)
Secondary^+	0.51 (0.28–0.93)	1.17 (0.58–2.34)	0.21 (0.05–0.93)
Still working	1.14 (0.80–1.63)	0.64 (0.35–1.14)	1.01 (0.66–1.55)
Income sources (ref: none)
1-2 sources	0.64 (0.46–0.90)	0.53 (0.32–0.89)	0.99 (0.66–1.47)
3+ sources	0.56 (0.38–0.85)	0.43 (0.21–0.88)	0.91 (0.49–1.71)
Illnesses (ref: none)
1 illness	1.63 (1.15–2.29)	1.12 (0.65–1.94)	1.76 (1.07–2.92)
2+ illnesses	1.72 (1.23–2.41)	1.99 (1.16–3.41)	1.05 (0.63–1.73)
Physical limit (ref: none)
1-2 limitations	1.23 (0.87–1.74)	1.25 (0.65–2.38)	1.73 (1.09–2.75)
3+ limitations	1.26 (0.84–1.89)	1.39 (0.66–2.93)	1.31 (0.68–2.53)
Monetary	0.78 (0.58–1.06)	0.79 (0.48–1.30)	0.98 (0.62–1.53)
Payment of bills	0.87 (0.61–1.23)	1.16 (0.66–2.05)	0.65 (0.41–1.02)
Food/necessities	0.98 (0.67–1.44)	0.72 (0.40–1.30)	0.77 (0.44–1.34)
Housework	1.22 (0.85–1.76)	0.58 (0.34–0.99)	0.96 (0.56–1.62)
Coresidence	0.73 (0.53–1.01)	0.59 (0.35–1.00)^+	0.57 (0.35–0.92)
Religious activities	0.69 (0.50–0.94)	0.92 (0.57–1.49)	1.05 (0.71–1.55)
Leisure activities	1.08 (0.81–1.45)	1.06 (0.64–1.77)	1.02 (0.69–1.51)
Chi-square^a	32.244	9.461	20.948
value^a	0.550	0.985	0.462
df^a	21	21	21

Note: odds ratio in bold indicates significance at 0.05.
^aTest of parallel lines.
⁺Marginal significance.