Safety Identifying of Integral Abutment Bridges under Seismic and Thermal Loads

Table 1

Dead load Statistics [13].

Load	Bias factor; ()	Coefficient of variation; (COV %)
Dead load; (factory-made component)	1.03	8
Dead load; (cast-in place component)	1.05	10
Asphalt wearing surface; (88.9 mm assumed)	1	25