Study Year Country studied Sample size Type of study Findings Adjusted for Ogawa et al. [45 ] 1998 Japan 2000 Cross-sectional Hypertensive subjects had higher CPITN None Angeli et al. [46 ] 2003 Italy 104 Cross-sectional ↑ SBP with ↑ periodontitis severity None Taguchi et al. [47 ] 2004 Japan 98 Cross-sectional ↑ SBP (
), ↑ DBP (
), hypertension in subjects with missing teeth (OR: 3.59; CI: 1.1–11.7) Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia Inoue et al. [48 ] 2005 Japan 364 Cross-sectional (2 time points) Periodontitis associated with ↑ BP and WBC count Age, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, hypertension, DM, WBC count Holmlund et al. [42 ] 2006 Sweden 4254 Cross-sectional (Retrospective) Periodontal pocket related to hypertension (
), ↑ periodontitis severity with hypertension (OR: 1.32; CI: 1.13–1.54;
) Age, gender, number of teeth, smoking D'Aiuto et al. [49 ] 2006 England 40 Prospective intervention randomized controlled trial
7 ± 3 mmHg of SBP after 2 months of intensive treatmentNone Völzke et al. [50 ] 2006 Germany 4185 Cross-sectional (SHIP) ↑ SBP (
) and OR: 1.91 (CI: 1.21–3.02;
) for hypertension in male with 0–6 teeth compared to fully dentate Age, BMI, education, smoking, diet, DM, antihypertensive medication Engström et al. [43 ] 2007 Sweden 390 Cross-sectional DBP associated with deep periodontal pockets Age, gender, tobacco use, number of teeth Völzke et al. [51 ] 2007 Germany 1913 Cross-sectional (SHIP) ↑ SBP (female: 11.7 mm Hg; male: 5.7 mmHg) in edentulous compared to fully dentate None
O. A. Ayo-Yusuf and I. J. Ayo-Yusuf [52 ] 2008 South Africa 9098 Cross-sectional data (SADHS) Higher SBP (12 mmHg) and DBP (5 mmHg) in complete edentulous compared to fully dentate OR: 1.35 (CI: 1.02–1.78) for hypertension in complete edentulous Age, BMI, DM, education, income, diet, alcohol, smoking, family history of hypertension, oral hygiene behaviour (daily brushing, dental visits) Franek et al. [53 ] 2009 Poland 99 Cross-sectional Periodontitis severity associated with central BP and pulse pressure (
) Age, gender, BMI, hypertension duration, smoking, number of drugs taken Fujita et al. [54 ] 2009 Japan 54551 Cross-sectional data Female (OR: 1.52; CI: 1.14–2.03;
); male (OR: 1.24; CI: 1.06–1.45;
) for hypertension in no brushing compared to brushing after every meal Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, walking time Nesse et al. [55 ] 2010 The Netherlands 1208 Cross-sectional ↑ hypertension prevalence in periodontitis subjects compared to controls (
) None de Oliveira et al. [56 ] 2010 Scotland 11869 Cross-sectional (Scottish Health Survey) ↑ hypertension prevalence in subject with rare teeth brushing (
) None Morita et al. [57 ] 2010 Japan 1023 Prospective cohort Periodontal pocket associated with hypertension (OR: 1.5; CI: 1.0–2.3) Age, gender, smoking, regular exercise, eating between meals, healthy body weight Franek et al. [58 ] 2010 Poland 155 Cross-sectional Periodontitis severity associated with central SBP (
) & DBP (
) Age, gender, BMI, hypertension and insulin treatment Tsakos et al. [59 ] 2010 United States of America 11948 Cross-sectional data (NHANES III) ↑ SBP (
) OR: 1.1 (CI: 1-1.1;
) for hypertension in ↑ 10% gingival bleeding Age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, CRP, creatinine, Na+ /K+ ratio, chronic conditions, smoking, alcohol, education, income Desvarieux et al. [60 ] 2010 United States of America 653 Cross-sectional data (INVEST) ↑ SBP & DBP OR: 3.13 (CI: 1.62–6.03;
) for hypertension when etiological bacterial burden is high Age, gender, BMI, race, education, smoking, DM, LDL-C, HDL-C, nonetiological periodontal bacteria Zhang et al. [61 ] 2011 Xinjang Uygur 1415 Cohort Periodontitis associated with hypertension (OR: 1.75; CI: 1.30–2.36;
) Age, gender, BMI, waist circumference, glycometabolism disorder, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease Vidal et al. [62 ] 2011 Brazil 137 Case-control Hypertension associated with severe chronic periodontitis (OR: 4.04; CI: 1.92–8.49), with generalized chronic periodontitis (OR: 2.18; CI: 1.04–4.56) Gender, race, DM, alcohol, smoking Peres et al. [63 ] 2012 Brazil 1720 Cross-sectional Edentulous subjects had a SBP 8.3 mmHg (CI: 0.1–16.7) higher than those with 10 or more teeth in both dental arches Age, gender, BMI, education, income, smoking, alcohol, DM, leisure physical activity, use of dental prosthesis, self-rated health status Rivas-Tumanyan et al. [64 ] 2013 Puerto Rica 182 Cross-sectional Periodontitis severity associated with high BP (OR: 2.93; CI: 1.25–6.84) OR: 4.20 (CI: 1.28–13.80) restricted to those with hypertension history and/or taking antihypertensive medications Age, gender, smoking, drinking