Research Article
Two-Layer Fragile Watermarking Method Secured with Chaotic Map for Authentication of Digital Holy Quran
Table 2
Common image quality metrics.
| Number | Image quality measurement | Equation |
| 1 | Mean square error (MSE) | | 2 | Root mean square error (RMSE) | | 3 | Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) | | 4 | Universal image quality index (IQI) | | 5 | Measure of enhancement (EME) | | 6 | Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) | | 7 | Signal-to-signal noise ratio (SNR) | | 8 | Mean absolute error (MAE) | | 9 | Structural similarity (SSIM) | | 10 | Weight peak signal-to-noise ratio (WPSNR) | | 11 | Normalized Hamming distance (NHD) | | 12 | Bit error rate (BER) | |
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