Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Xylopia laevigata in Experimental Models

Table 3

Effect of X. laevigata leaf essential oil (EOX) or morphine (MOR), in the absence and presence of naloxone (NAL), on writhing induced by acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception tests in mice.

Treatment	Dose; (mg/kg)	Writhing test	Formalin test
		Number of writhings^a	0–5 min^a	15–30 min^a
Vehicle	—	38.0 ± 4.1	79.5 ± 5.6	105.1 ± 23.3
EOX	12.5	24.8 ± 6.2	48.2 ± 5.7^b	41.5 ± 12.9^c
EOX	25	8.7 ± 3.4^c	36.3 ± 6.7^c	31.7 ± 8.3^c
EOX	50	3.1 ± 2.8^c	30.3 ± 7.2^c	13.8 ± 6.6^c,e
MOR	5	1.9 ± 0.6^c	12.4 ± 2.8^c	5.8 ± 1.1^c
EOX + NAL	50 + 1.5	21.5 ± 6.1^b,d	—	—
MOR + NAL	5 + 1.5	34.8 ± 7.3	—	—

𝑛=8, per group. ^aValues represent mean S.E.M. ^b𝑃<0.05 (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test), significantly different from control group. ^c𝑃<0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test), significantly different from control group. ^d𝑃<0.01 (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test), significantly different from EOX 50 mg/kg group. ^e𝑃<0.05 (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test), significantly different from EOX 25 mg/kg group.